Disclosed are methods for preparing cannabigerol (CBG) or a CBG analog, embodiments of the method comprising providing a compound (I); combining the compound (I) with geraniol and a solvent to form a reaction mixture; and combining the reaction mixture with an acid catalyst to form a product mixture comprising the CBG or the CBG homolog. The method may further comprise separating the CBG or the CBG analog from the product mixture and may further comprise purifying the CBG or CBG analog. Methods for preparing cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) or a cannabigerolic acid analog are also disclosed. The present disclosure also provides highly purity CBG, CBGA, and analogs thereof.

The disclosure is about a method capable of realizing the preparation and in-situ separation of the oligomeric ricinoleate, which uses the ricinoleic acid as raw material, and uses a protonic acid-type ionic liquid as a catalyst to cause the dehydration and esterification reactions between ricinoleic acid molecules. By continuously distilling out the generated water under a reduced pressure, the oligomeric ricinoleate with a polymerization degree of 2 to 10 is obtained. After the reaction, a method of washing with water or static stratification is selected to recover the catalyst according to the miscibility of the catalyst and reaction system. In his disclosure, renewable raw materials are used, the process is clean and pollution-free, and the operation is simple.

The disclosure relates to a method for hydrolyzing cellulosic material using a sulfonated polyaromatic catalyst. A cellulosic material is combined with the sulfonated polyaromatic catalyst in water to at least partially hydrolyze the cellulosic material and to form a monosaccharide hydrolysis product, thereby forming a reaction mixture including (i) an aqueous phase with the monosaccharide hydrolysis product in solution therein, and (ii) a dispersed phase including the sulfonated polyaromatic catalyst as well as any non-hydrolyzed cellulosic material. The sulfonated polyaromatic catalyst includes a mixture of partially sulfonated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that is substantially insoluble in the aqueous phase, thus providing it with an affinity for the water-insoluble cellulosic substrate where it preferentially exhibits its catalytic hydrolytic activity. The monosaccharide hydrolysis product can be recovered from the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture.

A catalyst system that may reduce polymeric fouling may include at least one titanate compound, at least one aluminum compound, and an antifouling agent. The antifouling agent may be chosen from one or more of a phosphonium or phosphonium salt; a sulfonate or a sulfonate salt; a sulfonium or sulfonium salt; an ester including a cyclic moiety; an anhydride; a polyether; and a long-chained amine-capped compound. The catalyst system may further include a non-polymeric ether compound.

A catalyst system that may reduce polymeric fouling may include at least one titanate compound, at least one aluminum compound, and an antifouling agent. The antifouling agent may be chosen from one or more of a phosphonium or phosphonium salt; a sulfonate or a sulfonate salt; a sulfonium or sulfonium salt; an ester including a cyclic moiety; an anhydride; a polyether; and a long-chained amine-capped compound. The catalyst system may further include a non-polymeric ether compound.

The disclosed embodiments detail improved methods for the synthesis of diketopiperazines from amino acids. In particular improved methods for the cyclocondensation and purification of N-protected 3,6-(aminoalkyl)-2,5-diketopiperazines from N-protected amino acids. Disclosed embodiments describe methods for the synthesis of 3,6-bis-[N-protected aminoalkyl]-2,5-diketopiperazine comprising heating a mixture of an amino acid in the presence of a catalyst in an organic solvent. The catalyst is selected from the group comprising sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, 1-propylphosphonic acid cyclic anhydride, tributyl phosphate, phenyl phosphonic acid and phosphorous pentoxide among others. The solvent is selected from the group comprising: dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, diglyme, ethyl glyme, proglyme, ethyldiglyme, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, xylenes, ethylene glycol and phenol among others.

A catalyst system that may reduce polymeric fouling may include at least one titanate compound, at least one aluminum compound, and an antifouling agent. The antifouling agent may be chosen from one or more of a phosphonium or phosphonium salt; a sulfonate or a sulfonate salt; a sulfonium or sulfonium salt; an ester including a cyclic moiety; an anhydride; a polyether; and a long-chained amine-capped compound. The catalyst system may further include a non-polymeric ether compound.

A catalyst system that may reduce polymeric fouling may include at least one titanate compound, at least one aluminum compound, and an antifouling agent. The antifouling agent may be chosen from one or more of a phosphonium or phosphonium salt; a sulfonate or a sulfonate salt; a sulfonium or sulfonium salt; an ester including a cyclic moiety; an anhydride; a polyether; and a long-chained amine-capped compound. The catalyst system may further include a non-polymeric ether compound.

Disclosed is a method for preparing an organic carboxylic ester by using a combined catalyst of an aryl bidentate phosphine ligand. The method includes subjecting a terminal olefin, carbon monoxide, and an alcohol to a hydroesterification reaction in the presence of a combined catalyst of a palladium compound, an aryl bidentate phosphine ligand, and an acidic additive, to generate an organic carboxylic ester having one more carbon atom than the terminal olefin.

Disclosed are methods for preparing cannabigerol (CBG) or a CBG analog, embodiments of the method comprising providing a compound (I); combining the compound (I) with geraniol and a solvent to form a reaction mixture; and combining the reaction mixture with an acid catalyst to form a product mixture comprising the CBG or the CBG homolog. The method may further comprise separating the CBG or the CBG analog from the product mixture and may further comprise purifying the CBG or CBG analog. Methods for preparing cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) or a cannabigerolic acid analog are also disclosed. The present disclosure also provides highly purity CBG, CBGA, and analogs thereof.