In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to a compound, comprising a transition metal complex having the formula -[M (x,y)-L.sub.1 (w,v)-L.sub.2 (t,u)-L.sub.3].sup.p+An.sup..sub.mZ.sup..sub.pm. In an embodiment of the present disclosure may be . In another embodiment may be . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, M is a transition metal. In a related embodiment, p is an integer corresponding to the oxidation state of M. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, each of x, y, w, v, t, and u independently comprise R. In other embodiments, each of x, y, w, v, t, and u independently comprise S. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each of L.sub.1, L.sub.2, and L.sub.3 independently is a ligand comprising a substituted diamine. In some embodiments, An.sup. comprises a lipophilic anion, where m is from 1 to 3, and where Z.sup. comprises an optional second anion.

This disclosure provides for routes of synthesis of ,-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including acrylic acid. For example, disclosed is a process for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or its salt, comprising: (1) contacting a group 8-11 transition metal precursor, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and a sulfur oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin or a phosphorus oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations to provide a mixture; and (2) applying reaction conditions to the mixture suitable to produce the ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

The invention describes a novel nickel-based composition. The invention also concerns the use of said composition as a catalytic composition in an olefin oligomerization process.

A method for producing A hydrogen gas from formic acid, characterized in that at least one heterogeneous catalyst is used to transform the formic acid into hydrogen gas. The at least one heterogeneous catalyst contains heterogenized ruthenium. According to a first aspect of the invention, the at least one heterogeneous catalyst contains at least one hydrophilic phosphine ligand which is m-TPPTS (meta-trisulfonated triphenylphosphine). The at least one heterogeneous catalyst is preferably obtained by mixing an aqueous solution of RuCl.sub.3 with hydrophilic phosphine, firstly activated by carrying out a homogeneous reaction with formic acid and by adding at least one solid structure.

This invention pertains to hydroformylation catalysts containing a mixture of isomeric forms of halo-phosphorus ligands. This invention also describes a procedure for preparing isomers of certain halophosphite ligands, which contain the phosphorus atom in a macrocyclic ring.

This invention pertains to hydroformylation catalysts containing a mixture of isomeric forms of halo-phosphorus ligands. This invention also describes a procedure for preparing isomers of certain halophosphite ligands, which contain the phosphorus atom in a macrocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to a compound, comprising a transition metal complex having the formula -[M (x,y)-L.sub.1 (w,v)-L.sub.2 (t,u)-L.sub.3].sup.p+An.sup..sub.mZ.sup..sub.p-m. In an embodiment of the present disclosure may be . In another embodiment may be . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, M is a transition metal. In a related embodiment, p is an integer corresponding to the oxidation state of M. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, each of x, y, w, v, t, and u independently comprise R. In other embodiments, each of x, y, w, v, t, and u independently comprise S. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each of L.sub.1, L.sub.2, and L.sub.3 independently is a ligand comprising a substituted diamine. In some embodiments, An.sup. comprises a lipophilic anion, where m is from 1 to 3, and where Z.sup. comprises an optional second anion.

This invention pertains to hydroformylation catalysts containing a mixture of isomeric forms of halo-phosphorus ligands. This invention also describes a procedure for preparing isomers of certain halophosphite ligands, which contain the phosphorus atom in a macrocyclic ring.

Provided is a method of preparing an acrylonitrile dimer including: supplying an acrylonitrile monomer, a phosphorus-based catalyst, and an alcohol solvent to a reactor to perform a dimerization reaction to produce dimerized reactants (S10); cooling the dimerized reactants to crystallize the phosphorus-based catalyst (S20); separating the crystallized phosphorus-based catalyst (S30); and supplying the dimerized reactants from which the phosphorus-based catalyst is separated to a distillation column to separate the acrylonitrile dimer (S40).

A method for preparing 1,2-propanediol involves reacting propene with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst mixture, containing a phase transfer catalyst and a heteropolytungstate, in a liquid reaction mixture containing an aqueous phase with a maximum apparent pH of 6 and an organic phase. The method then involves separating the reaction mixture into an aqueous phase (P.sub.a) containing 1,2-propanediol and formic acid and an organic phase (P.sub.o); recycling at least part of the separated organic phase (P.sub.o) to the reaction; contacting at least a part of the separated aqueous phase (P.sub.a) with a palladium catalyst; and recovering 1,2 propanediol from the aqueous phase provided by the contacting. The contacting of at least a part of the separated aqueous phase (P.sub.a) with the palladium catalyst reduces the content of formic acid.