Aspects disclosed herein include a system for generating singlet oxygen in a gas, the system comprising: a substrate; and hexanuclear clusters operably immobilized on at least a portion of the substrate; wherein each hexanuclear cluster comprises a photosensitive octahedral core complex characterized by formula FX1a: M.sub.6X.sub.8 (FX1a); wherein each M is independently Mo, W, or Re; wherein each X is independently a halide anion ligand; wherein the clusters are exposed to the gas and the gas comprises O.sub.2 gas; wherein the clusters are exposed to a light; and wherein each hexanuclear cluster is a photosensitizer configured to generate the gaseous singlet oxygen when irradiated by the light in the presence of the O.sub.2 gas.

Disclosed herein are the use of methods and compositions for the simultaneous dehydration of glucose and xylose present in a process relevant biorefinery hydrolysate to furfurals using heterogenous solid acid catalysts.

Provided herein is a method for producing methyl pentenone (MPO) in high yield in a continuous mode in a fixed bed reactor having a plurality of sidewall injecting ports by reacting excess methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) with acetaldehyde in presence of a cation exchange resin catalyst, wherein the acetaldehyde is injected from the plurality of sidewall injecting ports of the reactor. The method is also effective in reducing the complete consumption of the catalyst during the course of the reaction.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to a method of oxidizing sulfur-containing compounds. The method involves contacting a sulfur-containing compound with a helmet phthalocyaninato-type catalyst in the presence of an oxidant. The present invention also provides a method of removing undesired sulfur-containing compounds from a fluid, such as natural gas, crude oil or an aqueous waste stream.

Some embodiments of the invention include inventive catalysts (e.g., catalysts of Formula (I)). Other embodiments include compositions comprising the inventive catalysts. Some embodiments include methods of using the inventive catalysts (e.g., in hydrofluorination of an organic compound). Further embodiments include methods for making the inventive catalysts. Additional embodiments of the invention are also discussed herein.

Some embodiments of the invention include inventive catalysts (e.g., catalysts of Formula (I)). Other embodiments include compositions comprising the inventive catalysts. Some embodiments include methods of using the inventive catalysts (e.g., in hydrofluorination of an organic compound). Further embodiments include methods for making the inventive catalysts. Additional embodiments of the invention are also discussed herein.

A method for producing a polyvalent alcohol ester compound, characterized in that a polyvalent alcohol compound and a carboxylic acid compound are allowed to react in the presence of an acidic solid catalyst swollen with the polyvalent alcohol compound or the carboxylic acid compound without using a solvent to selectively produce a monocarboxylic acid ester or a polycarboxylic acid ester of a polyvalent alcohol. In this manner, a mono-fatty acid ester and a poly-fatty acid ester (e.g., di-fatty acid ester) of a polyvalent alcohol can be selectively and effectively produced from a polyvalent alcohol compound and a fatty acid compound.

A vinylpyridine resin for a catalyst support; a method for producing thereof; and a catalyst for carbonylation of methanol are disclosed. The vinylpyridine resin has: content of nitrogen derived from a pyridine group of 3.00% by mass or more and 8.00% by mass or less; degree of crosslinking of 35% by mole or more and 70% by mole or less; molar ratio C/N of carbon atoms to nitrogen atoms of 12.00 or more and 36.00 or less; total pore volume of 0.20 cc/g or more and 0.45 cc/g or less; specific surface area of 70.0 m.sup.2/g or more and 280 m.sup.2/g or less; average pore diameter of 5.0 nm or more and 25.0 nm or less; and proportion of a volume of pores having a pore diameter of 10 nm or more to a volume of the whole pores of 4.0% or more and 90.0% or less.

Provided is a method for producing acetic acid that is capable of greatly improving the life of a silver-substituted ion exchange resin (IER) for removing organic iodine compounds in acetic acid.

With the method for producing acetic acid according to the present invention, in a carbonylation process of a methanol method, an acetic acid distillation step has at least one distillation step of carrying out the purification of an acetic acid stream under conditions of a column bottom temperature of a distillation column of less than 175° C., a nickel base alloy or zirconium is used as a material of the distillation column in the distillation step, and as metal ion concentrations in a charging mixture of the distillation column in the distillation step, an iron ion concentration is less than 10,000 ppb by mass, a chromium ion concentration is less than 5,000 ppb by mass, a nickel ion concentration is less than 3,000 ppb by mass, and a molybdenum ion concentration is less than 2,000 ppb by mass.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.