Processes for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using treated solid oxides are disclosed. The treated solid oxides can be calcined solid oxides, metal-treated solid oxides, or metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxides, illustrative examples of which can include sodium-treated alumina, calcium-treated alumina, zinc-treated alumina, sodium-treated sulfated alumina, sodium-treated fluorided silica-coated alumina, and similar materials.

Provided is a method for oligomerization of ethylene, and more particularly, a method for producing 1-hexene and 1-octene at a high selectivity under an ethylene atmosphere by inducing a remarkably improved catalytic activity while effectively reducing a production amount of polyethylene by introducing the oligomerization catalyst and a cocatalyst mixture containing at least two aluminums together and adjusting the kind of oligomerization catalyst and injection conditions thereof.

The present disclosure provides a Ziegler-Natta catalyst composition comprising a procatalyst, a cocatalyst and a mixed external electron donor comprising a first selectivity control agent, a second selectivity control agent, and an activity limiting agent. A polymerization process incorporating the present catalyst composition produces a high-stiffness propylene-based polymer with a melt flow rate greater than about 50 g/10 min. The polymerization process occurs in a single reactor, utilizing standard hydrogen concentration with no visbreaking.

The present invention relates to a composite catalyst, preparation process thereof, and process for catalyzing the trimerization of butadiene using the composite catalyst. The composite catalyst comprises: (A) a titanium compound catalyst active component, (B) an organometallic compound co-catalyst component, (C) a sulfoxide compound catalyst-modifying component, (D) a monoester compound catalyst-modifying component, and (E) a solvent component. The composite catalyst has advantages of excellent selectivity, high catalytic activity, easy preparation and so on.

Disclosed are a novel catalyst system which is a catalyst system for selectively oligomerizing olefin including ethylene and may trimerize and tetramerize olefin, different from the catalyst system for olefin oligomerization reported until now, and a method for preparing an olefin oligomer using same. The present invention provides catalyst system for olefin oligomerization, including ligand compound represented by Formula 1 or 2; a chromium compound; and a metal alkyl compound, and a method for preparing an olefin oligomer using same.

The present invention relates to a method of preparing -olefins by oligomerization of C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins. The method is carried out by oligomerization of C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a transition metal source, an activator, which is an alkylaluminoxane, and a compound of formula (I), Ar.sup.1Ar.sup.2PN(R)PAr.sup.3Ar.sup.4 [formula I], wherein Ar.sup.1-4 are the same or different and are selected from substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, R is selected from linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl, wherein the oligomerization is carried out in a solvent, which is a bicyclic compound or a mixture of bicyclic compounds, preferably decalin. The claimed method provides a significant increase in the activity of the catalyst during the oligomerization process and, as a consequence, a reduction in the catalyst unit consumption, as well a reduction in the formation of polymer by-product.

Disclosed herein is a process for the conversion of polymers, oligomers, or mixtures thereof into shorter alkanes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, alkyl halides or aldehydes. This process includes contacting the polymers, oligomers, or mixtures thereof with the compound of formula (I):
Al(R.sup.1).sub.3(I)
where R.sup.1 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, aryl, C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, and C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkoxy, as a reaction mixture, in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of a transition metal catalyst, a lanthanide series metal catalyst, or combinations thereof.

Processes for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using treated solid oxides are disclosed. The treated solid oxides can be calcined solid oxides, metal-treated solid oxides, or metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxides, illustrative examples of which can include sodium-treated alumina, calcium-treated alumina, zinc-treated alumina, sodium-treated sulfated alumina, sodium-treated fluorided silica-coated alumina, and similar materials.

Processes for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using treated solid oxides are disclosed. The treated solid oxides can be calcined solid oxides, metal-treated solid oxides, or metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxides, illustrative examples of which can include sodium-treated alumina, calcium-treated alumina, zinc-treated alumina, sodium-treated sulfated alumina, sodium-treated fluorided silica-coated alumina, and similar materials.

Processes for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using solid promoters are disclosed. The solid promoters can be certain solid oxides, mixed oxides, and clays, illustrative examples of which can include alumina, zirconia, magnesia, magnesium aluminate, sepiolite, and similar materials.