A method of promoting a chemical reaction includes immersing a device in a solution contained in a reaction chamber, the device including a substrate and a plurality of conductive projections supported by the substrate, each conductive projection of the plurality of conductive projections having a semiconductor composition, irradiating the device to drive the chemical reaction, and controlling a temperature of the solution contained in the reaction chamber such that the temperature is maintained in a temperature range closer to a boiling temperature of the solution than a freezing temperature of the solution

The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a core-shell hollow structure with self-driving nucleation of a photocatalytic particle, including: (1) mixing an alcoholic solution of titanium dioxide with tetraoctadecyl orthotitanate to obtain a first solution including modified titanium dioxide nanospheres; (2) injecting air into water through a micro-nano bubble generator to obtain a resultant solution, and shearing and smashing the resultant resolution to obtain a second solution including micro-nano bubbles; (3) mixing the second solution with the first solution at a temperature of 35 C. or more, so as to obtain a third solution; (4) adding ammonium hydroxide and a solution of tetraethyl orthosilicate into the third solution, so as to obtain a fourth solution; and (5) separating a precipitate from the fourth solution, and drying and calcining the precipitate, so as to obtain the nanoparticle with the core-shell hollow structure.

The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a core-shell hollow structure with self-driving nucleation of a photocatalytic particle, including: (1) mixing an alcoholic solution of titanium dioxide with tetraoctadecyl orthotitanate to obtain a first solution including modified titanium dioxide nanospheres; (2) injecting air into water through a micro-nano bubble generator to obtain a resultant solution, and shearing and smashing the resultant resolution to obtain a second solution including micro-nano bubbles; (3) mixing the second solution with the first solution at a temperature of 35 C. or more, so as to obtain a third solution; (4) adding ammonium hydroxide and a solution of tetraethyl orthosilicate into the third solution, so as to obtain a fourth solution; and (5) separating a precipitate from the fourth solution, and drying and calcining the precipitate, so as to obtain the nanoparticle with the core-shell hollow structure.

The present invention provides amorphous bi-functional catalytic aluminum metallic glass particles having an aluminum metallic glass core and 2 or more transition metals disposed on the surface of the aluminum metallic glass core to form amorphous bi-functional aluminum metallic glass particles with catalytic activity.

The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a core-shell catalyst comprising the steps of a. providing core particles, b. functionalizing at least part of the surface of the core particles with a functionalizing agent thereby forming functionalized core particles, c. graft polymerizing at least one of aromatic vinyl compounds onto the functionalized core particles thereby forming core-shell particles wherein the core is comprised of the core particles and the shell is comprised of graft polymerized aromatic vinyl compounds and d. activating the shell by using a sulfonating agent wherein the core particles comprise or consists of glass particles and wherein the core particles are hydroxylated prior to step b). The present invention further relates to the use of the core-shell catalyst for the manufacture of bisphenol A by reacting phenol with acetone for increasing the selectivity towards the formation of p,p-bisphenol A.

The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a core-shell catalyst comprising the steps of a. providing core particles, b. functionalizing at least part of the surface of the core particles with a functionalizing agent thereby forming functionalized core particles, c. graft polymerizing at least one of aromatic vinyl compounds onto the functionalized core particles thereby forming core-shell particles wherein the core is comprised of the core particles and the shell is comprised of graft polymerized aromatic vinyl compounds and d. activating the shell by using a sulfonating agent wherein the core particles comprise or consists of glass particles and wherein the core particles are hydroxylated prior to step b). The present invention further relates to the use of the core-shell catalyst for the manufacture of bisphenol A by reacting phenol with acetone for increasing the selectivity towards the formation of p,p-bisphenol A.

The present invention relates to a method for carrying out a catalysed chemical reaction using one or more liquid reactants, preferably acetone and phenol to form bisphenol A, in an upflow reactor comprising feeding at least a portion of said reactants to a bottom section of the reactor positioned below a flow distributor plate, passing said portion through the flow distributor plate, passing said portion through a layer of inert particles positioned above and preferably in contact with said flow distributor plate, passing said portion through a catalyst layer comprising a particulate catalyst, said catalyst layer being positioned above and in contact with said layer of inert particles, wherein the reactants react to form a product stream, collecting said product stream via collecting means positioned above said catalyst layer. The invention also relates to a reactor assembly. The catalyst is a core-shell catalyst which is manufactured by graft polymerizing aromatic vinyl compounds onto the hydroxylated and functionalized core particles, followed by sulfonation.

The present invention relates to a method for carrying out a catalysed chemical reaction using one or more liquid reactants, preferably acetone and phenol to form bisphenol A, in an upflow reactor comprising feeding at least a portion of said reactants to a bottom section of the reactor positioned below a flow distributor plate, passing said portion through the flow distributor plate, passing said portion through a layer of inert particles positioned above and preferably in contact with said flow distributor plate, passing said portion through a catalyst layer comprising a particulate catalyst, said catalyst layer being positioned above and in contact with said layer of inert particles, wherein the reactants react to form a product stream, collecting said product stream via collecting means positioned above said catalyst layer. The invention also relates to a reactor assembly. The catalyst is a core-shell catalyst which is manufactured by graft polymerizing aromatic vinyl compounds onto the hydroxylated and functionalized core particles, followed by sulfonation.

According to one or more embodiments, cationic polymers may be produced which include one or more monomers containing cations. Such cationic polymers may be utilized as structure directing agents to form mesoporous zeolites. The mesoporous zeolites may include micropores as well as mesopores, and may have a surface area of greater than 350 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of greater than 0.3 cm.sup.3/g. Also described are core/shell zeolites, where at least the shell portion includes a mesoporous zeolite material.

Provided are catalyst composites useful for the production of vinyl acetate monomer, as well as methods of making using same. The catalyst composites may comprise a support comprising silica and about 1 to about 3 wt % alumina, wherein the support has a surface area of about 175 to about 300 m.sup.2/g; and an eggshell layer on the support comprising Pd and Au.