The present disclosure describes hybrid binary catalysts (HBCs) that can be used as engine aftertreatment catalyst compositions. The HBCs provide solutions to the challenges facing emissions control. In general, the HBCs include a porous primary catalyst and a secondary catalyst. The secondary catalyst partial coats the surfaces (e.g., the internal porous surface and/or the external surface) of the primary catalyst resulting in a hybridized composition. The synthesis of the HBCs can provide a primary catalyst whose entire surface, or portions thereof, can be coated with the secondary catalyst.

A carbon catalyst has: a carbon structure that exhibits a nitrogen desorption temperature range from 800 C.-1,000 C. of 0.7510.sup.5 mol/g or more or a nitrogen desorption amount in the range from 600 C. to 1,000 C. of 1.2010.sup.5 mol/g or more in a temperature programmed desorption method including measuring nitrogen desorption amount temperature range from 600 C. -1,000 C.; a carbon structure exhibits a zeta potential isoelectric point of pH 9.2 or more; or a carbon structure exhibits a ratio of an intensity of a first nitrogen peak within a range of a binding energy of 398.01.0 eV, to an intensity of a second nitrogen peak having a peak top within a range of a binding energy of 400.51.0 eV, of 0.620 or more, the first and second nitrogen peaks obtained by separating a peak derived from a 1s orbital of a nitrogen atom in a photoelectron spectrum obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

A method comprising a) contacting a solvent, a carboxylic acid, and a peroxide-containing compound to form an acidic mixture wherein a weight ratio of solvent to carboxylic acid in the acidic mixture is from about 1:1 to about 100:1; b) contacting a titanium-containing compound and the acidic mixture to form a solubilized titanium mixture wherein an equivalent molar ratio of titanium-containing compound to carboxylic acid in the solubilized titanium mixture is from about 1:1 to about 1:4 and an equivalent molar ratio of titanium-containing compound to peroxide-containing compound in the solubilized titanium mixture is from about 1:1 to about 1:20; and c) contacting a chromium-silica support comprising from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % water and the solubilized titanium mixture to form an addition product and drying the addition product by heating to a temperature in a range of from about 50 C. to about 150 C. and maintaining the temperature in the range of from about 50 C. to about 150 C. for a time period of from about 30 minutes to about 6 hours to form a pre-catalyst.

Hydrogenation catalysts for aromatic hydrogenation including an organosilica material support, which is a polymer comprising independent units of a monomer of Formula [Z.sup.1OZ.sup.2OSiCH.sub.2].sub.3 (I), wherein each Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group or a bond to a silicon atom of another monomer; and at least one catalyst metal are provided herein. Methods of making the hydrogenation catalysts and processes of using, e.g., aromatic hydrogenation, the hydrogenation catalyst are also provided herein.

Methods of simultaneously converting butanes and methanol to olefins over Ti-containing zeolite catalysts are described. The exothermicity of the alcohols to olefins reaction is matched by endothermicity of dehydrogenation reaction of butane(s) to light olefins resulting in a thermo-neutral process. The Ti-containing zeolites provide excellent selectivity to light olefins as well as exceptionally high hydrothermal stability. The coupled reaction may advantageously be conducted in a staged reactor with methanol/DME conversion zones alternating with zones for butane(s) dehydrogenation. The resulting light olefins can then be reacted with iso-butane to produce high-octane alkylate. The net result is a highly efficient and low cost method for converting methanol and butanes to alkylate.

Embodiments of zeolite composite catalysts and methods of producing the zeolite composite catalysts are provided, where the methods comprise dissolving in an alkaline solution a catalyst precursor comprising at least one mesoporous zeolite while heating, stirring, or both to yield a dissolved zeolite solution, where the mesoporous zeolite has a molar ratio of SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 of at least 30, where the mesoporous zeolite comprises zeolite beta, adjusting the pH of the dissolved zeolite solution, aging the pH adjusted dissolved zeolite solution to yield solid zeolite composite from the dissolved zeolite solution, and calcining the solid zeolite composite to produce the zeolite composite catalyst, where the zeolite composite catalyst has a mesostructure comprising at least one disordered mesophase and at least one ordered mesophase, and where the zeolite composite catalyst has a surface area defined by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis of at least 600 m.sup.2/g.

Shaped porous carbon products and processes for preparing these products are provided. The shaped porous carbon products can be used, for example, as catalyst supports and adsorbents. Catalyst compositions including these shaped porous carbon products, processes of preparing the catalyst compositions, and various processes of using the shaped porous carbon products and catalyst compositions are also provided.

A process for preparing a composite material comprising an electride compound and an additive, said process comprising (i) providing a composition comprising the additive and a precursor compound of the electride compound, wherein the precursor compound comprises an oxidic compound of the garnet group, and wherein the additive has a boiling temperature which is higher than the melting temperature of the precursor compound; (ii) heating the composition provided in (i) under plasma forming conditions in a gas atmosphere to a temperature above the Httig temperature of the precursor compound and below the boiling temperature of the additive, obtaining the composite material.

Disclosed herein is a catalyst composite containing a perovskite-oxide and an oxide support, methods of preparing a catalyst composite containing a perovskite-oxide and an oxide support, and the use thereof for CO.sub.2 conversion by a reverse water gas shift chemical looping (RWGS-CL) process.

The invention relates to a mixed oxide material comprising the elements molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and tellurium, which, when using the Cu-K radiation, has diffraction reflections h, i, k and l in the XRD spectrum, said diffraction reflexes having their apex points at the diffraction angles (2.Math.) 26.20.5 (h), 27.00.5 (i), 7.80.5 (k) and 28.00.5 (l), characterized in that the mixed oxide material has a pore volume of >0.1 cm.sup.3/g. The mixed oxide material according to the invention is produced by a method comprising the steps of: a) producing a mixture of starting compounds containing molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and tellurium dioxide as a tellurium-containing starting compound as well as oxalic acid and a further oxoligand selected from the group consisting of dicarboxylic acids and diols, b) hydrothermally treating the mixture of starting compounds at a temperature of 100 to 300 C., c) separating and drying the mixed oxide material which is contained in the suspension resulting from step b).