The invention relates to an oxygen carrier solid, its preparation and its use in a method of combustion of a hydrocarbon feedstock by active mass chemical-looping oxidation-reduction, i.e. chemical-looping combustion (CLC). The solid, which is in the form of particles, comprises an oxidation-reduction active mass composed of metal oxide(s) dispersed in a ceramic matrix comprising at least one oxide with a melting point higher than 1500 C., such as alumina, and has, initially, a specific macroporous texture. The oxygen carrier solid is prepared from an aqueous suspension containing precursor oxide grains for the ceramic matrix that have a specific size, by a spray-drying technique.

Provided is a hydrocracking process with a recycle loop for converting a petroleum feed to lower boiling products, which process comprises reacting a stream over a non-zeolite noble metal catalyst at a temperature of about 650? F. (343? C.) or less in a reactor positioned in the recycle loop of the hydrocracking reactor.

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to zeolites and method for making such zeolites. According to embodiments disclosed herein, a zeolite may have a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm and a plurality of mesopores having diameters of greater than 2 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm. The microporous framework may include an MFI framework type. The microporous framework may include silicon atoms, aluminum atoms, oxygen atoms, and transition metal atoms. The transition metal atoms may be dispersed throughout the entire microporous framework.

A process for upgrading a hydrocarbon feed includes contacting the hydrocarbon feed with steam in the presence of a cracking catalyst at reaction conditions sufficient to cause at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon feed to undergo one or more cracking reactions to produce a steam catalytic cracking effluent comprising light olefins, light aromatic compounds, or both. The cracking catalyst is hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite. The hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite is made by providing a starting ZSM-5 zeolite, disintegrating the a portion of the starting ZSM-5 in the presence of a surfactant using sodium hydroxide, and then recrystallizing the zeolite constituents in the presence of the surfactant to produce recrystallized ZSM-5 zeolite. The recrystallized ZSM-5 zeolite is then recovered and calcined to produce the hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite.

A method of treating water to oxidize organic contaminants comprises heat transfer system includes heating liquid water to a temperature of at least 190 F. at a pressure to keep the heated water in a liquid phase, and contacting the heated water with oxygen and an oxidation catalyst including a noble metal on a porous support comprising a bi-modal pore size distribution including pore sizes from 1 nm to 20 nm and pore sizes from 100 nm to 1000 nm. The resulting catalytic oxidation of the organic contaminants results in the release of gaseous reaction products resulting from the oxidation reaction, which are separated from the treated water in a phase separator to produce a treated water final product.

A catalytic cracking catalyst has a rare earth modified Y-type molecular sieve, an additive-containing alumina binder, and a clay. The rare earth modified Y-type molecular sieve has a rare earth oxide content of about 12 wt %, a phosphorus content of about 0-10 wt %, a sodium oxide content of no more than about 1.0 wt %, a total pore volume of about 0.36-0.48 mL/g, a percentage of the pore volume of secondary pores having a pore size of 2-100 nm to the total pore volume of about 20-40%, a lattice constant of about 2.440-2.455 nm, a percentage of non-framework aluminum content to the total aluminum content of no more than about 10%, a lattice collapse temperature of not lower than about 1060 C., and a ratio of B acid to L acid in the total acid content of the modified Y-type molecular sieve of no less than about 3.50.

Methods and phosphorus-containing solid catalysts for catalyzing dehydration of cyclic ethers (e.g., furans, such as 2,5-dimethylfuran) and alcohols (e.g., ethanol and isopropanol). The alcohols and cyclic ethers may be derived from biomass. One example includes a tandem Diels-Alder cycloaddition and dehydration of biomass-derived 2,5-dimethyl-furan and ethylene to renewable p-xylene. The phosphorus-containing solid catalysts are also active and selective for dehydration of alcohols to alkenes.

Forming a diene includes contacting a reactant including at least one of a cyclic ether and a diol with a heterogeneous acid catalyst to yield a reaction mixture including a diene. The heterogeneous acid catalyst includes at least one of a Lewis acid catalyst, a supported Lewis-acid catalyst, a Brnsted acid catalyst, a solid acid catalyst, a supported phosphoric acid catalyst, and a sulfonated catalyst. The dehydration of cyclic ethers and diols with high selectivity to yield dienes completes pathways for the production of dienes, such as isoprene and butadiene, from biomass in high yields, thereby promoting economical production of dienes from renewable resources.

A porous substrate susceptible to one or both of hydroxylation and alkoxylation by a first protic solvent is exposed to a first relative pressure of the first protic solvent. The porous substrate includes a first plurality of pores having a first average pore diameter and a second plurality of pores having a second average pore diameter that is greater than the first average pore diameter. The first relative pressure is effective to one or both of hydroxylate or alkoxylate substantially only pores of the first average pore diameter to form a first modified porous substrate. The first modified porous substrate is reacted with a first functionalizing reagent that is effective to functionalize one or both of hydroxylated or alkoxylated surfaces, thereby functionalizing substantially only the first plurality of the pores, to form a first functionalized porous substrate.

Catalyst compositions comprising a zeolite and a mesoporous support or binder are disclosed. The mesoporous support or binder comprises a mesoporous metal oxide having a particle diameter of greater than or equal to 20 ?m at 50% of the cumulative pore size distribution (d.sub.50). Also disclosed are processes for producing a mono-alkylated aromatic compound (e.g., ethylbenzene or cumene) which exhibit improved yield of the mono-alkylated aromatic compound using alkylation catalysts comprising one or more of these catalyst compositions.