Disclosed herein is a method comprising disposing a first particle in a reactor; the first particle being a magnetic particle or a particle that can be influenced by a magnetic field, an electric field or a combination of an electrical field and a magnetic field; fluidizing the first particle in the reactor; applying a uniform magnetic field, a uniform electrical field or a combination of a uniform magnetic field and uniform electrical field to the reactor; elevating the temperature of the reactor; and fusing the first particles to form a monolithic solid.

According to one or more embodiments, cationic polymers may be produced which include one or more monomers containing cations. Such cationic polymers may be utilized as structure directing agents to for mesoporous zeolites. The mesoporous zeolites may include micropores as well as mesopores, and may have a surface area of greater than 350 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of greater than 0.3 cm.sup.3/g. Also described are core/shell zeolites, where at least the shell portion includes a mesoporous zeolite material.

The method for producing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor, wherein [I] a material containing hydrogen chloride and oxygen is allowed to contact a catalyst in a temperature range of 280 to 370° C., and [II] the material containing hydrogen chloride and oxygen has an oxygen concentration of 45 to 75 vol %.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to methods of producing a hydrogen- selective oxygen carrier material comprising combining one or more core material precursors and one or more shell material precursors to from a precursor mixture and heat-treating the precursor mixture at a treatment temperature to form the hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier material. The treatment temperature is greater than or equal to 100° C. less than the melting point of a shell material, and the hydrogen- selective oxygen carrier material comprises a core comprising a core material and a shell comprising the shell material. The shell material may be in direct contact with at least a majority of an outer surface of the core material.

The present invention discloses a novel method and novel compositions comprising well-dispersed particulate metal materials, including metal nanoparticles and/or metal single-atom materials, on various substrates, said method comprising the use of atomic layer deposition (ALD) and optimization of the metal precursor dose time and the number of ALD cycles. Illustrative of the metals are Fe, Ni, Co, Ru, Rh, Ir, Os, Pt, Pd, and the like; and illustrative of the various substrates are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (including multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, alumina, CeO.sub.2, ZnO, ZrO.sub.2, activated carbon, CuO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, MgO, CaO, graphene, and the like. The density of the dispersed metals on the substrates is significantly higher than the metal density

Various embodiments disclosed relate to solid catalysts that convert lignocellulosic material to monomer sugars that are suitable for fermentation. The solid catalysts include a transition metal complex attached to a magnetic bead, and can be physically separated from a fermentation mixture and reused several times.

Provided is a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation, a method of preparing the catalyst, and a method of performing oxidative dehydrogenation using the catalyst. The catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation has improved durability and fillability by including a porous support coated with a metal oxide (AB.sub.2O.sub.4) according to Equation 1:

X wt %+Y wt %=100 wt %,  <Equation 1> wherein X is a content of AB.sub.2O.sub.4 and is 5 or more and less than 30, and Y is a content of the porous support and is more than 70 and 95 or less,
wherein the metal oxide exhibits activity during oxidative dehydrogenation. Therefore, when the catalyst is used in oxidative dehydrogenation of butene, the conversion rate of butene and the selectivity and yield of butadiene may be greatly improved.

An exhaust gas purification catalyst including an alkaline-earth metal carried on a porous carrier in a highly dispersed state. The catalyst layer of the exhaust gas purification catalyst has an alkaline-earth metal carrying region including a porous carrier, Pt, and a sulfuric acid salt of at least one alkaline-earth metal carried on the porous carrier, wherein a value of R.sub.Ae/Pt is 0.5 or more, where R.sub.Ae/Pt represents the Pearson's correlation coefficient calculated using α and β in each pixel obtained by, for a cross section of the region, performing the area analysis by FE-EPMA under the conditions of: pixel size 0.34 μm×0.34 μm; and number of measured pixels 256×256; and measuring an intensity (α: cps) of a characteristic X ray of an element (Ae) of the alkaline-earth metal and an intensity (β: cps) of a characteristic X ray of Pt for each pixel.

A water purification member includes a porous body; and photocatalyst particles loaded on the porous body and including titanium-based compound particles that have, via an oxygen atom, a surface-bonded metallic compound having a metal atom and a hydrocarbon group, that exhibit absorption at a wavelength of 500 nm in a visible absorption spectrum, and that have an absorption peak in a range of 2700 cm.sup.−1 to 3000 cm.sup.−1 in an infrared absorption spectrum.

A method for manufacturing a catalyst includes depositing a catalyst slurry containing at least a catalyst metal and water on a support, depositing particles of a water-absorbing polymer on a surface of the catalyst slurry, expanding the particles to a predetermined size with the water present in the catalyst slurry, and firing the support having the catalyst slurry and the particles deposited on the catalyst slurry.