A process for regenerating a catalyst containing ruthenium or ruthenium compounds, which includes, optionally at elevated temperature, subjecting the catalyst to a hydrogen halide treatment, particularly a gas stream comprising hydrogen chloride, under non-oxidative conditions and, optionally at reduced temperature, to at least a two-stage oxidative post-treatment. The catalyst may have been poisoned by sulfur compounds. After the removal of sulfur, the catalyst is subjected to an oxidative post-treatment.

A process for regenerating a catalyst containing ruthenium or ruthenium compounds, which includes, optionally at elevated temperature, subjecting the catalyst to a hydrogen halide treatment, particularly a gas stream comprising hydrogen chloride, under non-oxidative conditions and, optionally at reduced temperature, to at least a two-stage oxidative post-treatment. The catalyst may have been poisoned by sulfur compounds. After the removal of sulfur, the catalyst is subjected to an oxidative post-treatment.

An oxygen gas stream is distributed to a spent catalyst stream through an oxygen nozzle of an oxygen gas distributor and a fuel gas stream is distributed to the spent catalyst stream through a fuel nozzle of a fuel gas distributor. An oxygen gas jet generated from said oxygen nozzle and a fuel gas jet generated from said fuel gas nozzle have the same elevation in the regenerator. In a regenerator, an oxygen gas distributor and a fuel gas distributor may be located in a mixing chamber. A fuel outlet of a fuel nozzle of the fuel gas distributor may be within a fifth of the height of the mixing chamber from an oxygen outlet of an oxygen nozzle of the oxygen gas distributor. In addition, clear space is provided between a fuel gas nozzle on a fuel gas distributor and a closest oxygen nozzle on an oxygen gas distributor.

An oxygen gas stream is distributed to a spent catalyst stream through an oxygen nozzle of an oxygen gas distributor and a fuel gas stream is distributed to the spent catalyst stream through a fuel nozzle of a fuel gas distributor. An oxygen gas jet generated from said oxygen nozzle and a fuel gas jet generated from said fuel gas nozzle have the same elevation in the regenerator. In a regenerator, an oxygen gas distributor and a fuel gas distributor may be located in a mixing chamber. A fuel outlet of a fuel nozzle of the fuel gas distributor may be within a fifth of the height of the mixing chamber from an oxygen outlet of an oxygen nozzle of the oxygen gas distributor. In addition, clear space is provided between a fuel gas nozzle on a fuel gas distributor and a closest oxygen nozzle on an oxygen gas distributor.

The instant disclosure provides a composition for fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum based feedstock into useful short chain olefins. The composition comprising: 76-86% of a non-zeolitic material; and 2-30% of at least one zeolite material, the percentage being based on weight of the catalyst composition, wherein one of the zeolites has been modified with 0.1-2.5 wt % metal. The said catalyst was found to be selective in enhancing the usable propylene gas content, while reducing the undesirable dry gas content of the cracked olefinic products. The present disclosure also provides a process for the preparation of the composition. The present disclosure also provides an apparatus (100) and process (200) for fluid catalytic cracking to obtain light olefins. The apparatus comprises a second riser (33) that includes a lower dense riser (2) and upper dilute riser (3). Further, the lower dense riser (2) has a diameter that is 1.1 to 2 times that of the upper dilute riser (3).

Disclosed is a method for improving the stability of a catalyst in recycling HFC-23. The recycling is realized by means of a fluorine-chlorine exchange reaction with HFC-23 and a halogenated hydrocarbon. The catalyst for the fluorine-chlorine exchange reaction comprises a main body catalyst and a metal oxide, wherein the metal oxide is selected from at least one metal oxide of K, Na, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn or Ti, and has an addition amount of 0.1-5 wt %. The present invention has advantages such as a good catalyst stability, a long life, and a low content of by-product CFC-12.

Catalyst systems are provided for reforming of hydrocarbons, along with methods for using such catalyst systems. The catalyst systems can be deposited or otherwise coated on a surface or structure, such as a monolith, to achieve improved activity and/or structural stability. The metal oxide support layer can correspond to a thermally stable metal oxide support layer, such as a metal oxide support layer that is thermally phase stable at temperatures of 800° C. to 1600° C. The catalyst systems can be beneficial for use in cyclical reaction environments, such as reverse flow reactors or other types of reactors that are operated using flows in opposing directions and different times within a reaction cycle.

Systems and methods are provided for using size-reversing materials in vessels where direct heating is used to at least partially provide heat for reforming reactions under cyclic reforming conditions. An example of a size-reversing material is the combination of NiO and Al.sub.2O.sub.3. It has been discovered that size-reversing materials can undergo a phase transition that can assist with re-dispersion of metal at elevated temperatures. This can assist with maintaining catalytic activity for reforming over longer time periods in the presence of cyclic reforming conditions.

Catalyst regeneration processes that include measures for controlling emissions generated during the regeneration are described. The present invention further relates to catalytic processes for producing various chlorinated aromatic compounds that include provisions for controlling emissions during catalyst regeneration.

Catalyst regeneration processes that include measures for controlling emissions generated during the regeneration are described. The present invention further relates to catalytic processes for producing various chlorinated aromatic compounds that include provisions for controlling emissions during catalyst regeneration.