A method of acid manufacturing using ion exchange resin allows for the production of acids on location where the acid is being utilized to prevent the necessity of transporting the acid. An ion exchange medium provides a medium for substituting hydrogen ions for salt cations within a salt solution in order to protonate the salt solution. As the salt solution becomes protonated to form an acid solution from the respective salt anion as the concentration of hydrogen increases. The ion exchange medium is recharged with a hydrogen ion source solution. The ion exchange resin is safe to transport even while charged with hydrogen ions.

A method of acid manufacturing using ion exchange resin allows for the production of acids on location where the acid is being utilized to prevent the necessity of transporting the acid. An ion exchange medium provides a medium for substituting hydrogen ions for salt cations within a salt solution in order to protonate the salt solution. As the salt solution becomes protonated to form an acid solution from the respective salt anion as the concentration of hydrogen increases. The ion exchange medium is recharged with a hydrogen ion source solution. The ion exchange resin is safe to transport even while charged with hydrogen ions.

A composition of matter wherein the composition comprises a siliceous substrate having silanols on the surface and a polymer selected from the group consisting essentially of a water soluble polymer, a water soluble copolymer, an alcohol soluble polymer, an alcohol soluble copolymer, and combinations of such polymers, wherein the polymer is chemically bonded to the siliceous substrate by a silane linking material having the general formula

O.sub.3/2SiQY

that is derived from an alkoxy-functional silane having the general formula

(RO).sub.3SiQX

and processes for preparing the crosslinked polymer that is chemically bonded to the surface of the siliceous substrate.

A composition of matter wherein the composition comprises a siliceous substrate having silanols on the surface and a polymer selected from the group consisting essentially of a water soluble polymer, a water soluble copolymer, an alcohol soluble polymer, an alcohol soluble copolymer, and combinations of such polymers, wherein the polymer is chemically bonded to the siliceous substrate by a silane linking material having the general formula

O.sub.3/2SiQY

that is derived from an alkoxy-functional silane having the general formula

(RO).sub.3SiQX

and processes for preparing the crosslinked polymer that is chemically bonded to the surface of the siliceous substrate.

Methods of making functionalized support material are disclosed. Functionalized support material suitable for use in chromatography columns or cartridges, such as in a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) column or a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) column, is also disclosed. Chromatography columns or cartridges containing the functionalized support material, and methods of using functionalized support material, such as a media (e.g., chromatographic material) in a chromatography column or cartridge, are also disclosed.

One object of the present invention is to produce a weakly acidic cation exchanger under mild conditions. Another object of the present invention is to produce a more firm weakly acidic cation exchange film. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a weakly acidic cation exchanger capable of realizing high-level separation of monovalent cation and simultaneously analyzing monovalent cation and divalent cation and also provide a chromatography column using the ion exchanger. In the production method of a weakly acidic cation exchanger of the invention, a solvent incapable of dissolving a polymer having a double bond within the molecule is used and the weakly acidic cation exchanger is produced by polymerization at temperature of 100 C. or less.

A proton exchange polymer comprises a polynorbornene copolymer with hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks that can be phosphonated to produce phosphonic acid functional groups for proton exchange. Also, the polymer may be crosslinked to form quaternary ammonium groups on the side chains. The polynorbornene copolymer may be acid doped to ionically bond phosphonic acids to the quaternary ammonium groups that may for ion pairs for proton exchange. The proton exchange polymer has high temperature stability with the phosphonic acid functional group and can be mechanically durable with cross linking. Proton exchange membranes may utilize the proton exchange membrane in fuel cell and electrolyzer applications.

A proton exchange polymer comprises a polynorbornene copolymer with hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks that can be phosphonated to produce phosphonic acid functional groups for proton exchange. Also, the polymer may be crosslinked to form quaternary ammonium groups on the side chains. The polynorbornene copolymer may be acid doped to ionically bond phosphonic acids to the quaternary ammonium groups that may for ion pairs for proton exchange. The proton exchange polymer has high temperature stability with the phosphonic acid functional group and can be mechanically durable with cross linking. Proton exchange membranes may utilize the proton exchange membrane in fuel cell and electrolyzer applications.

A proton exchange polymer comprises a polynorbornene copolymer with hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks that can be phosphonated to produce phosphonic acid functional groups for proton exchange. Also, the polymer may be crosslinked to form quaternary ammonium groups on the side chains. The polynorbornene copolymer may be acid doped to ionically bond phosphonic acids to the quaternary ammonium groups that may for ion pairs for proton exchange. The proton exchange polymer has high temperature stability with the phosphonic acid functional group and can be mechanically durable with cross linking. Proton exchange membranes may utilize the proton exchange membrane in fuel cell and electrolyzer applications.

A proton exchange polymer comprises a polynorbornene copolymer with hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks that can be phosphonated to produce phosphonic acid functional groups for proton exchange. Also, the polymer may be crosslinked to form quaternary ammonium groups on the side chains. The polynorbornene copolymer may be acid doped to ionically bond phosphonic acids to the quaternary ammonium groups that may for ion pairs for proton exchange. The proton exchange polymer has high temperature stability with the phosphonic acid functional group and can be mechanically durable with cross linking. Proton exchange membranes may utilize the proton exchange membrane in fuel cell and electrolyzer applications.