Provided is a method of cleaning a collection of resin beads, wherein the method comprises bringing the collection of resin beads into contact with an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises one or more dissolved amine compounds, wherein the collection of resin beads comprises polymer that comprises attached carboxylic acid groups or sulfonic acid groups or a mixture thereof.

Methods for the removal of ionic contaminants from hydrolysable organic solvent by ion exchange resins are described. A mixed bed of ion exchange resin with cationic ion exchange resin and weak-base anionic ion exchange resin is used in such methods.

Methods for the removal of ionic contaminants from hydrolysable organic solvent by ion exchange resins are described. A mixed bed of ion exchange resin with cationic ion exchange resin and weak-base anionic ion exchange resin is used in such methods.

A composite extractant-enhanced polymer resin comprising an extractant and a polymer resin for direct extraction of valuable metals such as rare earth metals, and more specifically, scandium, from an acid-leaching slurry and/or acid-leaching solution in which ferric ions are not required to be reduced into ferrous ions. The extractant may be cationic, non-ionic, or anionic. More specifically, the extractant di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid may be used. The polymer resin may be non-functional or have functional groups of sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, iminodiacetic acid, phosphoric acid, or amines. The composite extractant-enhanced polymer resin may be used for extraction of rare earth metals from acid-leaching slurries or solutions.

A composite extractant-enhanced polymer resin comprising an extractant and a polymer resin for direct extraction of valuable metals such as rare earth metals, and more specifically, scandium, from an acid-leaching slurry and/or acid-leaching solution in which ferric ions are not required to be reduced into ferrous ions. The extractant may be cationic, non-ionic, or anionic. More specifically, the extractant di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid may be used. The polymer resin may be non-functional or have functional groups of sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, iminodiacetic acid, phosphoric acid, or amines. The composite extractant-enhanced polymer resin may be used for extraction of rare earth metals from acid-leaching slurries or solutions.

The present invention is directed to a water-hardness reducing apparatus (100) for reducing the formation of chalk deposits in a water supply (101) adapted to be coupled with a beverage generating apparatus (103), comprising, a cation exchange element (107), which is in fluidic connection with a water source (105) of the water supply (101) for supplying water, wherein the cation exchange element (107) is adapted to remove cations from the supplied water to obtain cation reduced water, a first pH sensor (109), which is positioned downstream of the cation exchange element (107), wherein the first pH sensor (109) is adapted to assess a first pH value of the cation reduced water, a lye supplying element (113), which is positioned downstream of the cation exchange element (107), wherein the lye supplying element (113) is adapted to supply lye to the cation reduced water, and a controller (111), which is connected to the first pH sensor (109) and to the lye supplying element (113), wherein the controller (111) is configured to activate the lye supplying element (113) for supplying lye to the cation reduced water, depending on the assessed first pH value of the cation reduced water.

The present invention is directed to a water-hardness reducing apparatus (100) for reducing the formation of chalk deposits in a water supply (101) adapted to be coupled with a beverage generating apparatus (103), comprising, a cation exchange element (107), which is in fluidic connection with a water source (105) of the water supply (101) for supplying water, wherein the cation exchange element (107) is adapted to remove cations from the supplied water to obtain cation reduced water, a first pH sensor (109), which is positioned downstream of the cation exchange element (107), wherein the first pH sensor (109) is adapted to assess a first pH value of the cation reduced water, a lye supplying element (113), which is positioned downstream of the cation exchange element (107), wherein the lye supplying element (113) is adapted to supply lye to the cation reduced water, and a controller (111), which is connected to the first pH sensor (109) and to the lye supplying element (113), wherein the controller (111) is configured to activate the lye supplying element (113) for supplying lye to the cation reduced water, depending on the assessed first pH value of the cation reduced water.

A method for the production of empty pullulan capsules eliminate the need to dry pullulan solid product, thereby reducing the equipment cost and energy consumption. The pullulan raw material production can be linked directly with the capsule production to provide a unique approach for empty capsule formation. The purified pullulan fermentation fluid can be directly used in capsule preparation, thus removing the need for a melting process. On the one hand, the method may decrease material consumption, save the cost of equipment and labor, reduce production time and increase productivity. On the other hand, the method may reduce the fluctuating of raw material quality in the re-melting process and guarantee a more stable capsule production and quality.

A method for the production of empty pullulan capsules eliminate the need to dry pullulan solid product, thereby reducing the equipment cost and energy consumption. The pullulan raw material production can be linked directly with the capsule production to provide a unique approach for empty capsule formation. The purified pullulan fermentation fluid can be directly used in capsule preparation, thus removing the need for a melting process. On the one hand, the method may decrease material consumption, save the cost of equipment and labor, reduce production time and increase productivity. On the other hand, the method may reduce the fluctuating of raw material quality in the re-melting process and guarantee a more stable capsule production and quality.

A bipolar membrane BP characterized in that particles 5 of a basic metal chloride are distributed in the interface between a cation-exchange membrane 1 and an anion-exchange membrane 3.