A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

The present disclosure relates to a catalytic reactor for cracking wax of pyrolysis oil generated from waste plastic pyrolysis emulsification process, a catalytic composition and a production method thereof. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a catalytic composition for cracking wax, including: a support that includes zeolite containing silicon oxide and aluminum oxide, and silica; and an active metal that includes iron and zinc, and is immersed in the support, thereby cracking carbides with C14 or more included in wax of pyrolysis oil generated during waste plastic emulsification process.

In the technical field of the preparation of alicyclic compounds, a ring hydrogenation of aromatic compounds prepares alicyclic compounds in a process for preparing alicyclic compounds. The alicyclic compounds may preferably be alicyclic carboxylic acids and esters thereof. An apparatus for carrying out this process may further be provided.

An apparatus and method for creating enlarged particles in a flow. The apparatus includes a coiled tube having a tube diameter and a coil diameter, the tube having an input receiving the flow and an output, the tube having a length between the input and the output. A heater heats a first portion of the tube along a first, longitudinal portion of the tube, and a cooler cools a second, longitudinal portion of the tube along at least a second portion of the tube. The method includes heating a first portion of the tube along a first longitudinal portion of the tube, and simultaneously cooling a second portion of the tube along at least a second longitudinal portion of the tube. While heating and cooling, the method includes introducing a flow into an interior of the tube at an input, the flow moving the output.

An apparatus and method for creating enlarged particles in a flow. The apparatus includes a coiled tube having a tube diameter and a coil diameter, the tube having an input receiving the flow and an output, the tube having a length between the input and the output. A heater heats a first portion of the tube along a first, longitudinal portion of the tube, and a cooler cools a second, longitudinal portion of the tube along at least a second portion of the tube. The method includes heating a first portion of the tube along a first longitudinal portion of the tube, and simultaneously cooling a second portion of the tube along at least a second longitudinal portion of the tube. While heating and cooling, the method includes introducing a flow into an interior of the tube at an input, the flow moving the output.

The invention relates to a process for producing phosgene by gas phase reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence of a solid-state catalyst in a shell-and-tube reactor (1) comprising catalyst tubes (3) which are surrounded by a reactor shell (23) and which accommodate the solid-state catalyst and around which a temperature control medium flows, and baffle plates (27) arranged at right angles to the catalyst tubes (3) in order to generate crossflow of the temperature control medium with respect to the catalyst tubes (3), comprising the following steps: (a) feeding a gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and chlorine into the shell-and-tube reactor (1), such that the reaction mixture enters the catalyst tubes (3) at one end; (b) reacting the carbon monoxide with chlorine to give phosgene in the catalyst tubes (3) to give a phosgene-containing product stream; (c) withdrawing the phosgene-containing product stream from the shell-and-tube reactor (1), wherein the amount of liquid temperature control medium in the shell-and-tube reactor (1) is sufficiently large that the temperature of the temperature control medium in the event of failure of the temperature control medium flow reaches the normal boiling point of the temperature control medium no earlier than after 90 s.

A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

A catalyst loading system comprising: a vessel comprising at least one gas distribution nozzle at or near the bottom of the vessel, a top fluid distributor located at or near the top of the vessel, a catalyst inlet through which catalyst is introduced into the vessel, a first contact point at which catalyst introduced into the vessel first contacts the contents of the vessel, and a discharge outlet whereby catalyst exits the vessel. Methods of preparing catalyst slurry for introduction into a downstream reactor or in-situ activation within the vessel utilizing the catalyst loading system are also disclosed.

The invention provides a powder-gas heat exchanger for exchanging heat between a powder stream and a gas stream in counter-current flow comprising a powder stream mass flow rate substantially equal to a gas stream mass flow rate in a vertical shaft heat exchanger. A hot gas stream may be adapted for use in heating a cool solids stream, or a cool gas stream may be adapted for use in cooling a hot solids stream.

In a reaction system (1), a reactor (210) is provided in a sealed space covered by a blocking mechanism (111) and includes a supply port of a substance to be treated and a delivery port of a product. A conveyance apparatus (221) conveys the substance to be treated along an extending direction of a cylindrical body inside the cylindrical body. A fluid supply tube (204) is connected to a fluid inlet provided in the reactor and supplies a fluid for production. A fluid discharge tube (206) discharges a fluid inside the reactor from a fluid outlet provided in the reactor. A cleaning medium supply apparatus (232) branches and is connected to at least any one of the supply port or the fluid supply tube and can inject a cleaning medium in the reactor in a cleaning step.