A moving packed bed processing plant using medium temperature heating and superheating of process materials to produce gas and solid products is disclosed. In one form a system includes a reactor, a medium temperature heating section and a superheating section. The reactor includes a particle preheating section, a high temperature section, and a decomposition and reaction section with a moving packed bed of particles flowing through the sections of the reactor. The medium temperature heating section heats at least one of gases or particles to a first defined temperature. The superheating section heats the at least one of gases or particles received from the medium temperature heating section to a second defined temperature with an electrical system and provides the heated at least one gases or particles to the high temperature section of the reactor.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes (e.g., reactor tubes) using galvanic isolation techniques. The disclosure is also directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes wherein the tubes are galvanically isolated in such a manner as to avoid the use of electrical insulation of the tube from the rest of the system, such as the other tubes, the tube inlet header and/or the tube outlet header, and the reactor shell.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes (e.g., reactor tubes) using galvanic isolation techniques. The disclosure is also directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes wherein the tubes are galvanically isolated in such a manner as to avoid the use of electrical insulation of the tube from the rest of the system, such as the other tubes, the tube inlet header and/or the tube outlet header, and the reactor shell.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes (e.g., reactor tubes) using galvanic isolation techniques. The disclosure is also directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes wherein the tubes are galvanically isolated in such a manner as to avoid the use of electrical insulation of the tube from the rest of the system, such as the other tubes, the tube inlet header and/or the tube outlet header, and the reactor shell.

A method for producing burnt end products from an educt (starting raw materials) of carbonate-containing materials involves preheating the educt using heat recovered from the reaction. The educt and a fluidizing medium including steam are input into a first reaction zone. Heat is transferred to the first reaction zone using mechanical components so as to heat the first reaction zone to a predetermined temperature range for a predetermined time period. The educt is burned in the first reaction zone over the predetermined time period during which the first reaction zone is maintained within the predetermined temperature range. The hot gases that form in the first reaction zone include CO.sub.2 and steam. Hot end product is discharged from the first reaction zone after the predetermined time period elapses. Heat contained in the hot gases and end product that are discharged from the first reaction zone is used to preheat the educt.

An electrically heated reactor is a tube surrounded by electrical heating means having radiative sheeting placed coaxially with regard to the reactor tube. The surface area of the sheeting facing the outer surface area of the reactor tube defines an inner surface area covering at least 60% of the reactor tube outer surface area. The distance between the reactor tube and the heating means is selected such that the ratio between the inner surface area of the electrical heating means to the reactor tube outer surface area is in the range of 0.7 to 3.0. The reactor is useful in many industrial scale high temperature gas conversion and heating technologies.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes (e.g., reactor tubes) using galvanic isolation techniques. The disclosure is also directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes wherein the tubes are galvanically isolated in such a manner as to avoid the use of electrical insulation of the tube from the rest of the system, such as the other tubes, the tube inlet header and/or the tube outlet header, and the reactor shell.