A naphtha reforming reactor system comprising a first reactor comprising a first inlet and a first outlet, wherein the first reactor is configured to operate as an adiabatic reactor, and wherein the first reactor comprises a first naphtha reforming catalyst; and a second reactor comprising a second inlet and a second outlet, wherein the second inlet is in fluid communication with the first outlet of the first reactor, wherein the second reactor is configured to operate as an isothermal reactor, and wherein the second reactor comprises a plurality of tubes disposed within a reactor furnace, a heat source configured to heat the interior of the reactor furnace; and a second naphtha reforming catalyst disposed within the plurality of tubes, wherein the first naphtha reforming catalyst and the second naphtha reforming catalyst are the same or different.

This disclosure relates to reactor systems and methods of decomposing ammonia. In some aspects, a catalyst reactor includes an elongated conduit extending along a longitudinal axis. The elongated conduit can include a wall defining an interior cavity, an inlet configured for receiving a first fluid, and an outlet to flow the first fluid out of the elongated conduit, the wall having an interior cross-section defined by a major axis, W, and a minor axis, H, the major axis and the minor axis defining an aspect ratio, α=W/H, wherein the aspect ratio is greater than 2.0; and a catalytic structure disposed within the interior cavity of the elongated conduit.

A process and apparatus for indirect heating of catalyst in the regeneration zone is disclosed. A hot flue gas flows within a heating tube and the catalyst to be heated flows outside the heating tube. The hot flue gas is generated by igniting a fuel stream. The hot flue gas is generated directly in the heating tube or is generated in a separate burner outside the heating tube.

A method of heat-treating a waste cathode material to recover lithium carbonate from the waste cathode material, and a lithium carbonate recovery method using the waste cathode material heat treatment method are provided. The method of heat-treating the waste cathode material includes heating an interior of a heat treatment furnace by burning a hydrocarbon fluid in the heat treatment furnace and producing lithium carbonate (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3) and residual metal oxide by reacting a waste cathode material in the heat treatment furnace with CO.sub.2 generated during burning of the hydrocarbon fluid.

An apparatus for the production of hydrogen from a fuel source includes a combustor configured to receive a combustor fuel and convert the combustor fuel into a combustor heat; a reformer disposed annularly about the combustor, a removable structured catalyst support disposed within the gap and coated with a catalyst to induce combustor fuel combustion reactions that convert the combustor fuel to the combustor heat, and a combustor fuel injection aperture configured for mixing combustion fuel into the combustion catalyst. The combustor fuel injection aperture being disposed along a length of the combustion zone. The reformer and the combustor define a gap therebetween and the reformer is configured to receive the combustor heat.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. The system may comprise one or more reactor modules configured to generate hydrogen from a source material comprising ammonia. The hydrogen generated by the one or more reactor modules may be used to provide additional heating of the reactor modules (e.g., via combustion of the hydrogen), or may be provided to one or more fuel cells for the generation of electrical energy.

The present invention relates to a combustion heater (100) for providing controlled heat (H) to an endothermic reaction process. The combustion heater comprises an integrated burner (20) to yield a hot burner exhaust gas (35) flow from burning a first fuel. The burner exhaust gas mixed with oxidant flows to a flue gas outlet along a flue gas flow path (FGP). Provided to the combustion chamber at a position outside a direct reach of flames from the burner is a secondary fuel conduit (30) with a plurality of nozzles (31) from which a second fuel (32) is transferred into a flow along the said flue gas flow path (FGP). The resulting combustion of the second fuel can be used to provide controlled heat to the to endothermic reaction operated in a reaction conduit (40) that is in thermal heat exchange with the combustion chamber.

Provided is a reactor that is capable of suppressing deformation and damage of catalyst grains due to contraction of a reaction tube after thermal expansion thereof. A reactor includes: a reaction tube A aligned in an up-down direction and having, in a bottom section thereof, a catalyst supporter receiving packed catalyst grains and allowing a processed gas to flow therethrough; and a burning unit configured to heat an outer face of the reaction tube A. The reaction tube A has a cylindrical catalyst support face U that is in contact with the catalyst grains in the reaction tube A and that have, in the up-down direction, a plurality of engaging recesses each capable of receiving a portion of the catalyst grain in contact with the catalyst support face in such a manner that the portion of the catalyst grain is fitted into the engaging recess.

Techniques for converting carbonate material to carbon monoxide include transferring heat and at least one feed stream that includes a carbonate material and at least one of hydrogen, oxygen, water, or a hydrocarbon, into an integrated calcination and syngas production system that includes a syngas generating calciner (SGC) reactor; calcining the carbonate material to produce a carbon dioxide product and a solid oxide product; initiating a syngas production reaction; producing, from the syngas production reaction, at least one syngas product that includes at least one of a carbon monoxide product, a water product or a hydrogen product; and transferring at least one of the solid oxide product or the at least one syngas product out of the SGC reactor.

A combined reforming apparatus is provided. The combined reforming apparatus includes a body, a first catalyst tube disposed inside the body and reacting at a first temperature to reform hydrocarbons (C.sub.xH.sub.y) having two or more carbon atoms into methane (CH.sub.4), a second catalyst tube disposed inside the body, connected to the first catalyst tube, and reacting at a second temperature higher than the first temperature to reform methane (CH.sub.4) into synthesis gas comprising hydrogen (H.sub.2) and carbon monoxide (CO), and a combustion unit configured to supply heat to the first and second catalyst tubes.