The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed to methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit; for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or hydrotreating unit; for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and uses and value of the products resulting therefrom.

A process for producing alkoxylates features a high growth ratio without the need of interim storage of a pre-polymer produced in a first reactor. The process may involve reacting a monomeric educt in the presence of a catalyst and a starting material in a first reactor equipped with a first circulation loop and thereafter passing a pre-polymer that is produced of the first circulation loop to a second reactor equipped with a second circulation loop, where a desired polymer is produced. The first reactor may comprise a smaller volume than the second reactor. The growth ratio, defined as a final batch volume of the second reactor divided by a minimum initial volume of the starting material in the first reactor, is at least 80:1.

A reaction unit for catalytic conversion of a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon containing feedstock to a petrochemical mixture, includes a housing; a fluid bed distributor plate located at a bottom of the housing; a regeneration zone and a stripping zone located above the fluid bed distributor plate, in which catalytic particles are housed; a reaction zone located above the stripping zone; and a condensation zone located above the reaction zone, in which a petrochemical product fluid is condensed.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for the oxidative coupling of methane to generate hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (C.sub.2+ compounds). The method can include mixing a first gas stream comprising methane with a second gas stream comprising oxygen to form a third gas stream comprising methane and oxygen and performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using the third gas stream to produce a product stream comprising one or more C.sub.2+ compounds.

A socket-type fluid distributor for distributing and supplying a gas and/or liquid reactant into a reactor body. The socket-type fluid distributor includes: a distributor body, a bottom portion of which is inserted into the reactor body; a mixing flow path formed in a central portion of the distributor body such that the mixing flow path penetrates through the distributor body into the reactor body; a gas reactant input portion disposed above the distributor body and having a gas flow path; a liquid reactant input portion disposed between the distributor body and the gas reactant input portion and having a liquid flow path; and a flow control portion formed in the mixing flow path.

Embodiments of an injection device shaped in order to atomize a liquid into droplets by means of a gas are disclosed herein. The injection device may comprise a body having a gas inlet orifice intended to be connected to a gas supply duct. The injection device may further comprise an outlet orifice for discharging the atomized liquid. The injection device may also comprise a straight internal duct connecting the inlet orifice to the outlet orifice along an axial direction of said body. At least two liquid inlet ducts may be intended to be connected to at least one liquid supply duct pass through said body radially or substantially radially and open into said internal duct. These liquid inlet ducts may each have an axis and are arranged so that their axes intersect at one and the same point on an axial line extending inside the internal duct.

Disclosed are a preparation device and a preparation method of ammonia gas. The preparation device, prepares ammonia gas by reacting ammonium chloride with a particulate inorganic salt, includes one fluidized bed reactor with at least two fluidization chambers, in which one is a preheating chamber configured to preheat the particulate inorganic salt, and the other is a reaction chamber inside provided with at least one atomizing nozzle, the particulate inorganic salt forming a fluidized bed layer and reacting with an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride in the reaction chamber to generate the ammonia gas. The particulate inorganic salt can be sequentially flowed through a plurality of preheating chambers and reaction chambers under an impetus of a density difference of the particulate bed layers, finally achieving the required conversion rate.

The instant disclosure provides a composition for fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum based feedstock into useful short chain olefins. The composition comprising: 76-86% of a non-zeolitic material; and 2-30% of at least one zeolite material, the percentage being based on weight of the catalyst composition, wherein one of the zeolites has been modified with 0.1-2.5 wt % metal. The said catalyst was found to be selective in enhancing the usable propylene gas content, while reducing the undesirable dry gas content of the cracked olefinic products. The present disclosure also provides a process for the preparation of the composition. The present disclosure also provides an apparatus (100) and process (200) for fluid catalytic cracking to obtain light olefins. The apparatus comprises a second riser (33) that includes a lower dense riser (2) and upper dilute riser (3). Further, the lower dense riser (2) has a diameter that is 1.1 to 2 times that of the upper dilute riser (3).

A universal feeder system that combines with a fluidized bed gasification reactor for the treatment of multiple diverse feedstocks including sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, wood waste, refuse derived fuels, automotive shredder residue and non-recyclable plastics. The invention thereby also illustrates a method of gasification for multiple and diverse feedstocks using a universal feeder system. The feeder system comprises one or more feed vessels and at least one live bottom dual screw feeder. The feed vessel is rectangular shaped having three vertical sides and an angled side of no less than 60 degrees from the horizontal to facilitate proper flow of feedstock material that have different and/or variable flow properties. The feedstocks are transferred through an open bottom chute to a live bottom dual screw feeder and through another open bottom chute to a transfer screw feeder that conveys feedstock to the fuel feed inlets of a gasifier.

A vessel for the downflow of a preferably hydrocarbon liquid, containing solid particles: a bottom comprising a cylindrical upper part (11), a lower part (12) with a decreasing cross section and a varying angle of inclination α with respect to the vertical axis (Z), and an outlet pipe (9); injections (5) and (6) of recirculated and/or of makeup liquid into the lower and upper parts respectively; injections (5) inclined with respect to the tangent to the wall of the lower part at the injection point by an angle β1 in the vertical plane (xz) and by an angle β2 in the horizontal plane (xy); injections (6) are inclined with respect to the wall of the upper part by an angle θ1 in the vertical plane (xz) and by an angle θ2 in the horizontal plane (xy).