Systems and methods for producing light olefins wherein a feed stream comprising naphtha is flowed into a reaction unit comprising a fast fluidized bed reactor coupled to and in fluid communication with a riser reactor. The fast fluidized bed reactor comprises baffles therein to minimize backmixing therein to maximize the production of light olefins. The effluent from the fast fluidized bed reactor is further flowed to the riser reactor. The lift gas, which can comprise nitrogen, methane, flue gas, or combinations thereof, is injected in the reaction united via a sparger. Effluent of the riser reactor is separated in a product separation unit to produce a product stream comprising light olefins and spent catalyst. Spent catalyst is further stripped by a stripping gas comprising methane, nitrogen, flue gas, or combinations thereof. Stripped spent catalyst is regenerated to produce regenerated catalyst, which is subsequently flowed to the fast fluidized bed reactor.

A bio-reforming reactor receives biomass to generate chemical grade syngas for a coupled downstream train of any of 1) a methanol-synthesis-reactor train, 2) a methanol-to-gasoline reactor train, and 3) a high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch reactor train, that use this syngas derived from the biomass in the bio-reforming reactor. A renewable carbon content of the produced gasoline, jet fuel, and/or diesel derived from the coupled downstream trains of any of 1) the methanol-synthesis-reactor train, 2) the methanol-to-gasoline reactor train, or 3) the high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch reactor train are optimized for recovery of renewable carbon content to produce fuel products with 100% biogenic carbon content and/or fuel products with 50-100% biogenic carbon content. A carbon-dioxide gas feedback loop cooperates with a CO2 separation unit to supply a fraction of the CO2 gas that is removed from the chemical grade syngas produced from the reactor output of the BRR to supply extracted CO2 gas to the biomass feed system.

A process for large scale and energy efficient product on of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor comprising a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles. The heat carrying particles may be separated from the fluidized stream prior to cooling the fragmentation product and may be directed to a reheater to reheat the particles and recirculate the heated particles to the fragmentation reactor.

The present invention relates to a hydrocracking reactor system and a process utilizing the same for upgrading heavy hydrocarbonaceous material to value-added products. Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention includes dispersing a liquid feedstock pre-mixed with a catalyst from top of a reactor vessel to obtain dispersed droplets having a predetermined droplet size less than 500 m, introducing a gaseous feed comprising primarily of hydrogen from bottom of the reactor vessel to form a continuous gaseous phase throughout a cross-section of the reactor vessel, and allowing the dispersed droplets to contact the continuous gaseous phase throughout the cross-section of the reactor vessel to form reaction effluent comprising one or more lighter product hydrocarbons. The method may further include removing at least a top portion and at least a bottom portion of the reaction effluent from the reactor vessel.

A liquid-phase reactor has an outer cylinder and an inner cylinder disposed along an axial direction of the reactor. The outer cylinder has a top head, a straight cylinder section and a bottom head. An annular space is formed between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder. A top end of the inner cylinder is open and is in communication with the annular space. The inner cylinder has an upper cylinder and a lower cylinder sequentially from top to bottom. The upper cylinder is positioned in the straight cylinder section, with its cross-sectional area being gradually reduced from top to bottom. The lower cylinder is positioned in the bottom head, with its cross-sectional area being gradually increased from top to bottom. An inorganic membrane tube extending along the axial direction of the reactor is provided in the lower cylinder so that a shell-and-tube structure is formed.

Various embodiments may include a reactor for carrying out equilibrium-limited reactions comprising: a reaction chamber for receiving a catalyst; a sorption chamber for receiving a sorption agent; a feedstock feeding device; a sorption agent feeding device; and a gas-permeable element separating the reaction chamber from the sorption chamber, wherein the gas-permeable element repels particles of the sorption agent.

Provided is a sparger including: a main body including a plurality of holes, a protruding pipe extending upward along an outer circumferential surface of the plurality of holes, and a side pipe extending from a side surface of the protruding pipe.

A method for ammonia cracking comprising the partial combustion and direct decomposition of ammonia directly on the catalyst in the same location and at the same time, thereby avoiding flame combustion. The control of a catalytic combustion is easier than a flame combustion and improves the control of the reaction by limiting the temperature and its variations.

The present invention relates to a fluidized bed system having a sparger capable of minimizing a blockage by solids and controlling method thereof. And, more specifically, the present invention relates to a fluidized bed system having a sparger capable of minimizing a blockage by solids comprising a fluidized bed reactor to store a solid layer with a certain height and to fluidize the solid layer by using fluidization gases; a sparger having a pipe shape submerged in the solid layer and having a plurality of gas-discharging holes to spray fluidization gases onto the solid layer; and a gas-supplying line having its one end contacting a gas-supplying source and the other end connected to the sparger, wherein fluidization gases are introduced through the gas-supplying line into the sparger by driving the gas-supplying source, the fluidization gases are sprayed through the gas-discharging holes onto the solid layer, the gas-supplying source is placed higher than the sparger and the height difference (H.sub.g) between the gas-supplying source and the sparger is greater than the height of the solid layer.

A chemical reactor (e.g. reformer reactor) system includes a manifold (126) for management of a flow of gaseous reaction medium thereto. Manifold (126) includes manifold housing (128) defining manifold chamber (129) and having at least one additional component selected from: a gas distributor (127); a heater; and a cavity having a seal within or adjacent to it.