A process includes periodically or continuously introducing an olefin monomer and periodically or continuously introducing a catalyst system or catalyst system components into a reaction mixture within a reaction system, oligomerizing the olefin monomer within the reaction mixture to form an oligomer product, and periodically or continuously discharging a reaction system effluent comprising the oligomer product from the reaction system. The reaction system includes a total reaction mixture volume and a heat exchanged portion of the reaction system comprising a heat exchanged reaction mixture volume and a total heat exchanged surface area providing indirect contact between the reaction mixture and a heat exchange medium. A ratio of the total heat exchanged surface area to the total reaction mixture volume within the reaction system is in a range from 0.75 in.sup.1 to 5 in.sup.1, and an oligomer product discharge rate from the reaction system is between 1.0 (lb)(hr.sup.1)(gal.sup.1) to 6.0 (lb)(hr.sup.1)(gal.sup.1).

A process for large scale and energy efficient product of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor comprising a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles. The heat carrying particles may be separated from the fluidized stream prior to cooling the fragmentation product and may be directed to a reheater to reheat the particles and recirculate the heated particles to the fragmentation reactor.

A fast fluidized bed reactor, device and method for preparing para-xylene and co-producing light olefins from methanol and/or dimethyl ether and benzene, resolving or improving the competition problem between an MTO reaction and an alkylation reaction during the process of producing para-xylene and co-producing light olefins from methanol and/or dimethyl ether and benzene, and achieving a synergistic effect between the MTO reaction and the alkylation reaction. By controlling the mass transfer and reaction, competition between the MTO reaction and the alkylation reaction is coordinated and optimized to facilitate a synergistic effect of the two reactions, so that the conversion rate of benzene, the yield of para-xylene, and the selectivity of light olefins are increased.

The invention is directed to the use of an upflow reactor for producing a dihydroxy compound, to a method for producing a dihydroxy compound, and to a method for manufacturing polycarbonate. The upflow reactor for producing a dihydroxy compound of the invention comprises: a vessel; a catalyst bed disposed in said vessel; a distributor in fluid communication with an inlet through which reactants are introduced to said distributor, said distributor being disposed at a lower end of said vessel and comprising distributor perforation(s) disposed in said distributor, at least part of which distributor perforations are in a direction facing away from said catalyst bed; and a collector through which said product dihydroxy compound is removed, said collector being disposed at an upper end of said vessel.

Ammoximation reactor for cyclohexanone oxime production comprising: (a) a reactor vessel provided with a stirrer; (b) an internal filtering system; (c) an internal liquid ammonia evaporation coil; (d) an internal gaseous ammonia toroidal distributor; (e) an external cyclohexanone toroidal distributor; (f) an internal hydrogen peroxide toroidal distributor; (g) an internal cylindrical draft tube; (h) an external cooling jacket. Said ammoximation reactor allows to obtain a better mixing of the components of the ammoximation reaction and to maximize both the heat-transfer coefficients and the mass-transfer coefficients. Moreover, said ammoximation reactor allows to increase the packing time of the catalyst used in the ammoximation reaction on the filtering system (i.e. the plugging phenomena) so as to avoid the necessity of carrying out the backwashings with nitrogen. Moreover, said ammoximation reactor does not require external downstream separation units to separate the catalyst from the reaction mixture obtained from the ammoximation reaction.

A sparge for use in a high-pressure vessel operated at elevated temperatures and having high energy agitators for suspending mineral containing particles in a slurry. The sparge injects reagent fluids into the slurry to reduce reaction times and for controlling process parameters for extracting valuable minerals from the particles. The sparge has a vapour lock to inhibit the flow of particulate material and detritus material under low or no fluid flow situations which occur commonly in the operation of high pressure autoclaves. The sparge has a fluid flow path that increases in cross-sectional area in the direction of flow of reagent fluids so as to keep reagent fluids flowing at a velocity below a critical impingement velocity that can cause metal materials of the sparge to either wear rapidly, combust and in the worst case lead to loss of containment and violent and rapid depressurisation of the highpressure vessel.

Bubble column reactor assembly (100) is provided, the assembly comprising: a reactor vessel (104) comprising a bottom end and a top end; a pre-distributor plate (150) disposed above the bottom end of the reactor vessel (104) to distribute gas in a liquid, the plate comprising a bottom surface facing the bottom end of the reactor vessel (104) and a top surface opposite to the bottom surface. The pre-distributor plate (150) comprises a plurality of perforations (206), each perforation (206) comprising: a duct (170) projecting from the bottom surface of the pre-distributor plate; and a cap (180) enclosing the duct (170) and the perforation (206). The cap (180) comprises a plurality of openings (210). A gas distributor (110) is disposed below the pre-distributor plate (150) to receive gas and inject gas into the liquid prior to distribution of gas and the liquid by the pre-distributor plate (150).

A hybrid vertical plug flow reactor is comprised of a bottom inlet and a top outlet having vertical tubular member disposed there between, wherein the bottom inlet has separate gas reactant inlet and separate liquid reactant inlet whereby the gas reactant is mixed with the liquid reactant and the outlet has an extraction port, the extraction port extending sufficiently to withdraw the liquid product from the reactor and maintain a gaseous head space within the tubular member of the reactor. The hybrid vertical bubble plug flow reactor is useful to react a gas reactant and liquid reactant that are reacted at a molar ratio of gas reactant/liquid reactant that is in excess of a stoichiometric requirement of gas reactant so that the gas reactant forms bubbles and the reactants react in the presence of a catalyst to form a reaction product.

Device for distributing a light fluid phase (2) in a heavy phase (4) in the fluidized state in a reaction chamber (5), comprising: a pipe (1) for transporting the light fluid phase; first and second windows (7, 8) created in the pipe, the second windows opening into the reaction chamber; and branches (6) extending each first window and splitting into: a central passage opening into the reaction chamber via an intermediate window (9) created in the upper wall of the branch (6); and at least two distinct lateral branches forming two lateral passages (10) opening into the reaction chamber via end-of-branch windows (11).

A multi-tubular chemical reactor includes an igniter for the initiation of gas phase exothermic reaction within the gas phase reaction zones of the tubular reactor units.