An apparatus for producing pulverulent poly(meth)acrylate in a reactor for droplet polymerization having an apparatus for dropletization of a monomer solution for the production of the poly(meth)acrylate having holes through which the monomer solution is introduced, an addition point for a gas above the apparatus for dropletization, at least one gas withdrawal point on the circumference of the reactor and a fluidized bed, and above the gas withdrawal point the reactor has a region having a constant hydraulic internal diameter and below the gas withdrawal point the reactor has a hydraulic internal diameter that steadily decreases. The reactor has a heating means in the region having a steadily decreasing hydraulic internal diameter.

Methods of generating performic acid by contacting aqueous oxidizing agent and aqueous formic acid source in liquid phase are disclosed. A system and apparatus for the in situ production of the performic acid chemistries is further disclosed. In particular, a continuous flow reactor is provided to generate performic acid at variable rates. Methods of employing the oxidizing biocide for various disinfection applications are also disclosed.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a terephthalic diester by reacting terephthalic acid with at least one alcohol, wherein terephthalic acid is suspended in the alcohol in a dispersing tank, the preliminary suspension is passed from the dispersing tank into a reactor and converted in the presence of an esterification catalyst, and water of reaction is distilled off together with the vapor as alcohol-water azeotrope, the vapor is at least partly condensed, the condensate is separated into an aqueous phase and an organic phase, the organic phase is dewatered and the dewatered organic phase is passed at least partly into the dispersing tank.

Methods of generating performic acid by contacting aqueous oxidizing agent and aqueous formic acid source in liquid phase are disclosed. A system and apparatus for the in situ production of the performic acid chemistries is further disclosed. In particular, a continuous flow reactor is provided to generate performic acid at variable rates. Methods of employing the oxidizing biocide for various disinfection applications are also disclosed.

A methanol synthesis plant comprising: a feed pretreating section operable to pretreat a feed stream; a synthesis gas (syngas) generation section comprising one or more reactors operable to produce a syngas synthesis product stream comprising synthesis gas from the feed stream; a methanol synthesis section comprising one or more methanol synthesis reactors operable to produce a synthesis product comprising methanol; and/or a methanol purification section operable to remove at least one component from the synthesis product to provide a purified methanol product; wherein the methanol synthesis plant is configured such that, relative to a conventional methanol synthesis plant, more of the net energy required by the methanol synthesis plant, the feed pretreating section, the syngas generation section, the methanol synthesis section, the methanol purification section, or a combination thereof, is provided by a non-carbon based energy source, a renewable energy source, and/or electricity.

A reactor system for thermally treating a hydrocarbon-containing stream includes a pressure containment vessel having an interior chamber defined by a first end, a second end, and at least one sidewall extending from the first end to the second end. A heat transfer medium converts electrical current to heat is positioned within the interior chamber of the pressure containment vessel, and the heat transfer medium has a first end face, a second end face, and channels extending between the first end face and the second end face. A heat sink reservoir includes molten salt, and at least one of a heater or heat exchanger is fluidly coupled to the heat transfer medium and thermally coupled to the heat sink reservoir.

Described herein are catalytic heating systems, comprising catalytic reactors and dual-mode fuel evaporators, and methods of operating such systems. A dual-mode fuel evaporator is thermally coupled to a catalytic reactor and comprises an electric heater used for preheating the evaporator to at least a fuel-flow threshold temperature. Upon reaching this threshold, the liquid fuel, such as ethanol or methanol, is flown into the evaporator and evaporates therein, forming vaporized fuel. The vaporized fuel is mixed with oxidant, and the mixture is flown into the catalytic reactor where the vaporized fuel undergoes catalytic exothermic oxidation. At least some heat, generated in the catalytic reactor, is transferred to the evaporator and used for the evaporation of additional fuel. When the evaporator reaches or exceeds its operating threshold, the electric heater can be turned off and all heat is supplied to the evaporator from the catalytic reactor.

An active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or related substance (RS) can be tested for stability by placing the API or RS in an instrument containing a pressure-controllable atmosphere, controlling the pressure of the atmosphere in the instrument for a predetermined time, and evaluating the API or RS for stability. Testing can be carried out also at predetermined temperature(s) and/or under the influence of gaseous trigger(s) and so forth. For instance, an API sample can be placed in a bomb test instrument/reactor, oxygen as a gaseous trigger can be introduced to contact the API sample under constant and/or ramped temperature(s) and elevated pressure(s) for predetermined time(s), and the API sample can be evaluated for stability. An insert carousel may hold a sample of API(s) and/or RS(s) and/or aliquot(s) of sample(s) of API(s) and/or RS(s) for insertion into the bomb test instrument/reactor.

A chemical reactor (e.g. reformer reactor) system includes a manifold (126) for management of a flow of gaseous reaction medium thereto. Manifold (126) includes manifold housing (128) defining manifold chamber (129) and having at least one additional component selected from: a gas distributor (127); a heater; and a cavity having a seal within or adjacent to it.

The invention provides a reactor comprising a reaction chamber having a catalytic surface in contact with reactants in said chamber, and a source for passing electrical current through said catalytic surface. The reactor can be used for dehydrohalogentation reactions, such as dehydrochlorination of HCFC-244bb to HFO-1234yf and for reactions where zero valent metals are employed for catalysis. The invention further provides a process to prepare HFO-1234yf from HCFC-244bb using an electrically heated reaction chamber.