Synthesizing upconverting nanoparticles includes heating a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the upconverting nanoparticles. Core-shell upconverting nanoparticles are synthesized by combining the upconverting nanoparticles with a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer to yield a nanoparticle mixture, heating the nanoparticle mixture in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the core-shell upconverting nanoparticles.

Systems and methods are provided for direct conversion of methane and/or ethane to methanol. The methods can include exposing methane to an oxidant, such as O.sub.2, in a solvent at conditions that are supercritical for the solvent while having a temperature of 310° C. or less, or about 300° C. or less, or about 290° C. or less. The solvent can correspond to an electron donor solvent that, when in a supercritical state, can complex with O.sub.2. By forming a complex with the O.sub.2, the supercritical electron donor solvent can facilitate conversion of alkane to methanol at short residence times while reducing or minimizing further oxidation of the methanol to other products.

The production method according to the present disclosure comprises obtaining a product comprising a fluoroethane from a fluoroethylene by a reaction in the presence of at least one catalyst. The reaction is performed in two or more reaction zones. Each reaction zone comprises a catalyst, and the fluoroethylene is supplied to each reaction zone to perform the reaction.

A grafted polypropylene resin is prepared by a grafting reaction of a polar monomer capable of absorbing microwave so as to raise its temperature in a microwave field to more than 200° C. and a solid polypropylene resin using microwave irradiation without adding an initiator. The polar grafted polypropylene resin that does not contain initiator residues and does not have a significant reduction in molecular mass compared with a resin before grafting is obtained.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a flow reactor that can ensure safety even if leakage occurs at the connections of the lines. The flow reactor of the present invention is characterized by including one or more line structures, each of the line structures including a raw material feeding line, a reactor unit to react a raw material fed from the raw material feeding line, and a discharge line to discharge a reaction product produced in the reactor unit, wherein the flow reactor includes a vessel in which part or all of the reactor unit and a fluid are accommodated to be capable of being in contact with each other, wherein each of the line structures includes two or more attachable and detachable connections, and wherein at least one of the attachable and detachable connections is accommodated in the vessel.

The present invention relates to methods and devices for providing microbial control and/or disinfection/remediation of an environment. The methods generally comprise: generating a Purified Hydrogen Peroxide Gas (PHPG) that is substantially free of, e.g., hydration, ozone, plasma species, and/or organic species; and directing the gas comprising primarily PHPG into the environment such that the PHPG acts to provide microbial control and/or disinfection/remediation in the environment, preferably both on surfaces and in the air.

A reaction chamber for a chemical reactor comprises a casing (100) of the reaction chamber, a floor (200) of the reaction chamber having an opening (300) located in the floor, an agitator shaft (400) located in the chamber and having at least one agitator element (500), connected thereto, wherein the agitator shaft (400), seen in the longitudinal direction, has a beginning (600) and an end (700). In the opening (300) of the floor (200) a removable sleeve (800) is provided, which projects out of the reaction chamber. The sleeve (800) is arranged in alignment with the axis of rotation of the agitator shaft (400). The internal diameter of the sleeve (800) is greater than the diameter of the agitator shaft (400) and the agitator shaft (400), at the beginning (600) thereof and/or at the end (700) thereof, is adapted to absorb reversibly a torque provided by means of a further shaft and/or to transmit a torque to a further shaft. Using such a reaction chamber, it is possible to build up modular chemical reactors having decreased backmixing.

Systems for producing performic acid and methods for producing performic acid. The systems may include two or more reactor units, two or more servient programmable logic controllers, a control panel, and a master programmable logic controller. The system may modify the production of performic acid in at least one of the two or more reactor units upon and/or after the occurrence of a disruptive event in order to maintain a desired level of performic acid production and/or a desired level of disinfection.

A method for manufacturing particles including (a) bringing at least one starting material into a reactor, (b) subjecting the at least one starting material to a thermal treatment of a pulsating process gas stream in a treatment zone of the reactor, (c) forming particles, and (d) bringing the particles which are obtained in steps (b) and (c) out of the reactor. The at least one starting material is thermally treated in the treatment zone at a treatment temperature of 100° C. to 3000° C. and a retention time in the range of 0.1 s to 25 s, and temperature regulation of the process gas stream is decoupled from the generation and maintenance of a pulsation of the process gas stream. Also provided is a reactor for manufacturing particles according to the method.

A system for isolating a target molecule from a bioprocess fluid includes a single-use disposable separation device having a plurality of perimeter-bonded layers defining one or more mesofluidic channels of the separation device, wherein each layer includes a biocompatible polymer material, wherein the separation device is configured to separate at least a portion of particles from the bioprocess fluid to generate a substantially clarified bioprocess fluid, and a chromatography system fluidically coupled at the outflow of the separation device in a configuration for further processing the clarified bioprocess fluid.