Compositions, devices, methods and systems are provided for differential functionalization of a surface of a structure to support biopolymer synthesis. Provided herein are processes which include use of lamps, lasers, and/or microcontact printing to add functional groups to surfaces for the efficient and uniform synthesis of oligonucleic acids.

An apparatus includes a flow cell body, a plurality of electrodes, an integrated circuit, and an imaging assembly. The flow cell body defines one or more flow channels and a plurality of wells. Each flow channel is configured to receive a flow of fluid. Each well is fluidically coupled with the corresponding flow channel. Each well is configured to contain at least one polynucleotide. Each electrode is positioned in a corresponding well of the plurality of wells. The electrodes are operable to effect writing of polynucleotides in the corresponding wells. The integrated circuit is operable to drive selective deposition or activation of selected nucleotides to attach to polynucleotides in the wells to thereby generate polynucleotides representing machine-written data in the wells. The imaging assembly is operable to capture images indicative of one or more nucleotides in a polynucleotide.

Compositions, devices, methods and systems are provided for differential functionalization of a surface of a structure to support biopolymer synthesis. Provided herein are processes which include use of lamps, lasers, and/or microcontact printing to add functional groups to surfaces for the efficient and uniform synthesis of oligonucleic acids.

Process for printing an adhesive pattern on a polymer brush extending at the surface of a support (1), forming a nanometric anti-fouling layer (2), the process comprising the following steps: placing the layer (2) in contact with a first aqueous solution (4) containing a benzophenone, then illuminating the layer with radiation (3) at a wavelength within the absorption spectrum of benzophenone, according to the pattern and according to a surface energy.

Product for printing proteins comprising a substrate (1), a nanoscale polymer first layer (3), which is nonstick for the proteins, deposited on the substrate (1), and a second layer of a benzophenone (2), deposited on the first layer (3), wherein the second layer (2) is solid and soluble in a solvent, and the first layer (3) is insoluble in the solvent.

Polynucleotide synthesis performed with a substrate independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is regulated by controlling the oxidation state of a metal cofactor. The oxidation state of the metal cofactor is changed to +2, thus activating the polymerase, by applying a voltage with electrodes or by introducing a chemical redox reagent. Addressable polynucleotide synthesis creates polynucleotides with different arbitrary sequences through use of spatial control of cofactor oxidation states to add nucleotides only at selected locations on an array. Control of metal oxidation states is regulated by selective activation of a microelectrode array, controlled addition of redox reagents to specific locations on the array, or controlled activation of photocatalysts at specific locations on the array. Scavengers in solution prevent cofactors distant from the selected locations from catalyzing polymerase activity and thereby maintain the localized effect of polymerase activation.

Provided is a method of isolating biochemical molecules on a microarray substrate, the method including providing a microarray substrate to which clusters of different kinds of biochemical molecules being classified by individual spot units are attached, the individual spots being regularly arranged thereon; obtaining location information of the individual spot in which a desired cluster among clusters of the biochemical molecules locates; locating an extraction tool for applying energy to isolate the desired cluster according to the location information; and isolating the desired cluster from the microarray substrate by applying energy in a contact or non-contact manner using the extraction tool.

Disclosed herein are formulations, substrates, and arrays. In certain embodiments, substrates and arrays comprise a porous layer for synthesis and attachment of polymers or biomolecules. Also disclosed herein are methods for manufacturing and using the formulations, substrates, and arrays, including porous arrays. Also disclosed herein are formulations and methods for one-step coupling, e.g., for synthesis of peptides in an N->C orientation. In some embodiments, disclosed herein are formulations and methods for high efficiency coupling of biomolecules to a substrate.

The present disclosure provides methods and processes for forming a pattern of oligonucleotides on a microarray. A method for forming a pattern of oligonucleotides on a microarray may include forming a photoresist layer by applying a photoresist composition onto an underlying layer of a substrate, exposing a dose of light through a patterned mask onto the substrate, and removing protective groups on a section of the plurality of functional groups within at least one exposed region of the substrate, wherein the photoresist composition comprises a photoacid generator, an acid scavenger and a photosensitizer, wherein the underlying layer comprises a plurality of functional groups protected by protective groups; thereby forming a pattern on the substrate, wherein the pattern comprises the at least one exposed region, and wherein the at least one exposed region is no more than 1 micrometer in at least one dimension.

Methods of producing substrates having selected active chemical regions by employing elements of the substrates in assisting the localization of active chemical groups in desired regions of the substrate. The methods may include optical, chemical and/or mechanical processes for the deposition, removal, activation and/or deactivation of chemical groups in selected regions of the substrate to provide selective active regions of the substrate.