Counter-flow heat exchanger is constructed with plenums at either end that separate the opposing fluids, the channels of which are arrayed in a checkerboard patterns, such that any given channel is surrounded by channels of opposing streams on four sideslaterally on both sides and vertically above and below.

An apparatus includes a substrate having a recess and a multitude of particles arranged in the recess. A first portion of the particles is joined to a porous structure by means of a coating. A second portion of the particles is not joined by means of the coating. The first portion of the particles is arranged closer to an opening of the recess than the second portion of the particles so that a leaking of the second portion of the particles from the recess through the opening is prevented.

Disclosed herein are methods and systems for achieving degradation of ethers.

A chemical reactor is implemented on a substrate. The chemical reactor has multiple ducts for transporting a fluid and/or gas during use of the chemical reactor, in which the ducts optionally include pillar structures and at least one connection duct connected between two of the multiple ducts for transporting the fluid and/or gas from one duct to another. In the connection duct, a series of individual pillar structures are positioned behind each other in the longitudinal direction of the connection duct.

Counter-flow heat exchanged is constructed with plenums at either end that separate the opposing fluids, the channels of which are arrayed in a checkerboard patterns, such that any given channel is surrounded by channels of opposing streams on four sideslaterally on both sides and vertically above and below.

An apparatus includes a substrate having a recess and a multitude of particles arranged in the recess. A first portion of the particles is joined to a porous structure by means of a coating. A second portion of the particles is not joined by means of the coating. The first portion of the particles is arranged closer to an opening of the recess than the second portion of the particles so that a leaking of the second portion of the particles from the recess through the opening is prevented.

Counter-flow heat exchanger is constructed with plenums at either end that separate the opposing fluids, the channels of which are arrayed in a checkerboard patterns, such that any given channel is surrounded by channels of opposing streams on four sideslaterally on both sides and vertically above and below.