A process for extracting carbohydrates from biomass and creating bioalcohol from the extracted carbohydrates. Subjecting the biomass to acid or alkali hydrolysis in a first hydrodynamic cavitation process. Filtering the first cavitated biomass to separate a first filtrate containing extracted carbohydrates. Fermenting the first filtrate to create a bioalcohol and separating the bioalcohol by distillation or similar process. Subjecting the biomass to enzymatic hydrolysis in a second hydrodynamic cavitation process. Filtering the second cavitated biomass to separate a second filtrate containing extracted carbohydrates. Fermenting the second filtrate to create a bioalcohol and separating the bioalcohol by distillation or similar process. The first and second filtrates may be combined and fermented in a single step.

A reaction chamber for a feedstock reactor includes an outer shell defining a reaction volume and having a heat-resistant refractory, an inlet for allowing a feedstock to enter the reaction volume, an outlet for allowing reaction products, formed as a result of decomposition of the feedstock in the reaction volume, to exit the reaction volume, and a protective liner lining an interior surface of the outer shell and comprising a compliant shock-absorbing layer.

A method for cracking hydrocarbon, comprises: providing steam and hydrocarbon; and feeding steam and hydrocarbon into a reactor accessible to hydrocarbon and comprising a perovskite material of formula A.sub.aB.sub.bC.sub.cD.sub.dO.sub.3-, wherein 0<a<1.2, 0b1.2, 0.9<a+b1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0d1.2, 0.9<c+d1.2, 0.5<<0.5; A is selected from calcium, strontium, barium, and any combination thereof; B is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and any combination thereof; C is selected from cerium, zirconium, antimony, praseodymium, titanium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, terbium and any combination thereof; and D is selected from lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, gallium, indium, tin, antimony and any combination thereof.

The invention relates to an oxidation reactor for partial oxidation of a feed stream with an oxygen-containing oxidant stream to give a hydrogen-containing product stream. This partial oxidation may be conducted as a noncatalytic partial oxidation (POX) or as an autothermal reforming (ATR). Useful feed streams here include hydrocarbonaceous streams, but also ammonia-containing streams. According to the invention, the inlet region of the oxidation reactor is configured as a combination of a dome-shaped region with a (frusto) conical region, where the (frusto) conical inlet region merges into the cylindrical section of the oxidation reactor.

A composition useful in methods and apparatuses for inhibiting the build-up of byproduct carbonaceous material includes a perovskite material or a precursor therefor; and a yttrium doped ceria or a precursor therefor.

A hydrocarbon conversion process is disclosed. The process introduces a feed stream comprising hydrocarbons into a vessel having a refractory lining. The refractory lining comprises a refractory material and reinforcement metallic fibers. The reinforcement metallic fibers comprise about 0.5 wt % to about 8 wt % aluminum, 10 wt % to about 35 wt % chromium, and no less than about 50 wt % iron. The hydrocarbons are converted in the vessel at conversion conditions with or without a catalyst to yield a product stream.

A device includes a rotatable centrifuge container that includes a process cavity, at least one inlet into the process cavity, and at least one outlet out of the process cavity. A thermal target is disposed in the process cavity. A laser source is configured to emit a laser beam into the process cavity onto the thermal target. The laser beam heats the thermal target and the thermal target heats the process cavity.

A refractory lining in a combustion chamber operating in a reducing atmosphere. The lining includes at least one or more Zirconia (Zr)-based refractory lining members comprising one or more Zr-based parts. The Zr-based parts comprise at least 90 wt. %, preferably at least 95 wt. %, of monoclinic ZrO.sub.2 and/or partially stabilized ZrO.sub.2 and/or fully stabilized ZrO.sub.2, wherein the total content of tetragonal and cubic ZrO.sub.2 amounts to at least 20 wt. %, preferably more than 35 wt. %, as well as Zr based refractory lining members and methods for manufacturing the Zr based refractory lining members.

A flow reactor can promote a reaction under appropriate temperature management, can precent reaction fluid or generated gas from being trapped in a heat transmission part, can be disassembled for easy cleaning, and to which a coating or lining can be applied. This flow reactor is provided with two flow paths, a reaction flow path and a second flow path, in a space formed between an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder that are concentric. A spiral heat transmission body is disposed between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder, and the spiral heat transmission body has a substantially triangular cross-sectional shape in an axial cross-sectional view. The spiral heat transmission body partitions the space into the reaction flow path and the second flow path, and heat is exchanged via the spiral heat transmission body between a reaction fluid F1 flowing through the reaction flow path and a heat medium F2 flowing through the second flow path.

An apparatus for hydrocarbon conversion, the apparatus including a reactor and a reactor insert secured and disposed within an interior cavity of the reactor, is described. The reactor is configured to permit addition of a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon at an upstream end of the reactor and to permit discharge of a product stream at a downstream end of the reactor. The reactor insert is configured to provide heat to the interior cavity to promote conversion of hydrocarbons as the feed stream moves from the upstream end of the reactor to the downstream end of the reactor. The products of the conversion reaction are discharged at the downstream end as part of the product stream. A method for hydrocarbon conversion using the apparatus is also described.