A device includes a rotatable centrifuge container that includes a process cavity, at least one inlet into the process cavity, and at least one outlet out of the process cavity. A thermal target is disposed in the process cavity. A laser source is configured to emit a laser beam into the process cavity onto the thermal target. The laser beam heats the thermal target and the thermal target heats the process cavity.

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for producing high purity carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and related carbon allotropes and carbon nanomaterials with low metallic content. Moreover, this apparatus disclosed herein lends additional purification to such materials by the removal of amorphous carbon or other coke from the final material. In some embodiments, an apparatus for cleaning carbon nanomaterials includes a steam generation unit configured to provide steam via a gas line at a flow rate of about 0.001 L/min to about 10 L/min. The apparatus further includes a gas supply unit configured to provide a process gas to the gas line at a flow rate of about 0.001 L/min to about 15 L/min. The apparatus further comprises a purification/reaction unit including a reaction vessel. The apparatus further includes an exhaust gas cleaning unit.

The present invention relates to a process for modifying the fluorine distribution in a hydrocarbon compound, comprising a step of placing in contact between a hydrocarbon compound and a catalytic composition comprising a chromium-based catalyst, said process being performed in a reactor made of a material comprising a base layer made of a material M1 and an inner layer made of a material M2, said base layer and said inner layer being laid against each other, characterized in that the material M2 comprises at least 80% by weight of nickel on the basis of the total weight of the material M2, advantageously at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, in particular at least 99% by weight of nickel on the basis of the total weight of the material M2.