Methods and apparatus are disclosed for triggering an exothermic reaction under a high hydrogen loading rate. It is generally understood that a high hydrogen loading ratio is an important factor. The present application teaches that a high hydrogen loading rate, that is, achieving a high hydrogen loading ratio in a short period of time, is another important factor in determining whether excess heat can be observed in an exothermic reaction. The present application discloses methods and apparatus for achieving a high hydrogen loading rate in order to trigger an exothermic reaction.

The invention relates to a metal anchoring mesh intended to be secured to a metal wall of a chamber of a fluid catalytic cracking unit, in order to form cells (64). Said metal anchoring mesh comprises a plurality of wavy elementary parts (12, 14) connected successively together, forming cylindrical surfaces that are able to respectively define said cells, said cylindrical surfaces each having a central axis of symmetry A, the wavy elementary parts (12,14) each having protruding tongues (42′, 44′), said protruding tongues being able to extend respectively inside said cells (64). Said tongues (42′, 44′) extend along a length less than a quarter of the distance d that extends between said cylindrical surface and said central axis of symmetry A of said cylindrical surface.

A method for producing a lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt F—(SO.sub.2)—NLi—(SO.sub.2)—F, comprising a step comprising a step of chlorination of sulfamic acid HO—(SO.sub.2)—NH.sub.2 in order to obtain the bis(chlorosulfonyl)imide Cl—(SO.sub.2)—NH—(SO.sub.2)—Cl, said step being carried out in a reactor made of a corrosion-resistant material M3, or in a reactor containing a base layer made of a material M1 coated with a surface layer made of a corrosion-resistant material M2.

The present invention relates to a process for modifying the fluorine distribution in a hydrocarbon compound, comprising a step of making contact between said hydrocarbon compound and a catalytic composition comprising a chromium-based catalyst, said process being performed in a reactor made of a material comprising a base layer made of a material M1 and an inner layer made of a material M2, said base layer and said inner layer being laid against each other by bonding.

[Problem to be solved] To provide a urea manufacturing method capable of inhibiting corrosion of a urea plant and enhancing a reaction yield.

[Solution] In a urea manufacturing plant, a method for manufacturing urea from manufacturing raw materials including NH.sub.3 and CO.sub.2, wherein the urea manufacturing plant includes a plurality of processing units including a reactor, a stripper and a condenser, and a plurality of lines, and the inner wall surfaces of the plurality of processing units and the plurality of lines are made of a stainless steel and at least some of the plurality of lines is made of an austenitic stainless steel, the urea manufacturing method including: forming a passivation film on the inner wall surfaces of the plurality of processing units and the plurality of lines by supplying CO.sub.2 of the manufacturing raw material with added oxygen; continuously measuring a wall thickness of the line made of the austenitic stainless steel; and adjusting a supply amount of the oxygen in response to a measurement value of the wall thickness to control a corrosion rate and a reaction yield of urea.

A process for producing a lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt F(SO.sub.2)NLi(SO.sub.2)-F involving a step (b) with a step of fluorinating bis(chlorosulfonyl)imide Cl(SO.sub.2)NH(SO.sub.2)Cl with anhydrous HF, optionally in at least one organic solvent OS1, said step (b) being carried out in a reactor made of a material M3 that is resistant to corrosion, or in a reactor that contains a base layer made of a material M1 coated with a surface layer made of a material M2 that is resistant to corrosion.

The invention relates to a process for the positioning of a corrosion-resistant coating on an internal or external metal wall (20) of a fluid catalytic cracking unit chamber, comprising: (i) the shaping of a metal anchoring structure (10) formed from a plurality of strips (12) assembled in pairs by joining assembly portions (121, 122) so as to form a plurality of cells (14), the anchoring structure comprising a plurality of fastening tabs (16) integral with strip portions other than assembly portions, (ii) the fastening of said anchoring structure (10) by welding the free edge (18) of a part at least of the fastening tabs to the metal wall (20), defining a space between a longitudinal edge (12b) of an anchoring structure and the metal wall, (iii) the insertion of a composite material into the cells (14) from the metal wall (20) and at least up to the upper longitudinal edge (12a) of each strip.

A honeycomb metal anchoring structure, as described herein, is formed from a plurality of strips assembled in pairs so as to define a plurality of cells. Each strip is divided along its length into a plurality of portions, including at least one series of planar assembly portions juxtaposed and assembled with a series of assembly portions of an adjacent strip by fastening means, each strip having a lower longitudinal edge intended to be applied against a wall to be protected and an upper longitudinal edge opposite the lower longitudinal edge. The anchoring structure additionally comprises a plurality of protective tabs connecting each pair of juxtaposed assembly portions each protective tab being attached to an assembly portion by a longitudinal join line and extending in the direction of the juxtaposed assembly portion, at least up thereto.

Methods for making acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof by contacting a stream containing hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with either an active catalyst containing an amorphous and partially-dehydrated phosphate salt or a precursor catalyst containing a crystalline phosphate salt in a reactor with a low corrosion rate are provided.

The invention relates to a metal anchoring mesh intended to be secured to a metal wall of a chamber of a fluid catalytic cracking unit, in order to form cells (64). Said metal anchoring mesh comprises a plurality of wavy elementary parts (12, 14) connected successively together, forming cylindrical surfaces that are able to respectively define said cells, said cylindrical surfaces each having a central axis of symmetry A, the wavy elementary parts (12, 14) each having protruding tongues (42, 44), said protruding tongues being able to extend respectively inside said cells (64). Said tongues (42, 44) extend along a length less than a quarter of the distance d that extends between said cylindrical surface and said central axis of symmetry A of said cylindrical surface.