Methods for converting carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) into graphene are described. The methods include contacting a metal with gaseous carbon dioxide, and irradiating a surface of the metal with at least one laser beam to convert the gaseous carbon dioxide into graphene on the surface of the metal. Systems for converting carbon dioxide into graphene are also described.

The reaction tube for preparing hydrogen cyanide comprises a cylindrical tube composed of ceramic, a catalyst comprising platinum applied to the inner wall of the tube and also at least one insert composed of ceramic, having three or four fins pointing from the tube axis to the inner wall of the tube, which is inserted into the cylindrical tube, wherein the fins divide the tube interior space into substantially straight channels with substantially identical circle segment cross sections and wherein the mean gap between the ends of the fins and the inner wall of the tube is in the range of 0.1 to 3 mm. In the method for preparing hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are reacted in the reaction tube at 1000 to 1400 C.

A new type of burning device for producing hydrohalogen compounds.

A generally spherical high strength ceramic body for use in an ATR and/or SR unit covering a catalyst media bed. The ceramic body is a fully stabilized YSZ composite composition having at least about 13% yttria YSZ, and more typically from about 12% to about 20% yttria YSZ, with a porosity of less than 20 percent and a diameter of at least 25 mm and, more typically, selected from the group comprising 25 mm, 50 mm, 76 mm and 100 mm.

A recombinator for the catalytic recombination of hydrogen and oxygen generated in energy converters, in particular accumulators, to form water, comprising a housing in which a volume space is formed, into which the gases can flow via an opening and in which a recombination device is arranged that comprises a portion for a catalyst material and a portion for an absorption material, wherein the flow path of the gases to be recombined extends through the portion comprising the absorption material into the portion comprising the catalyst material, wherein a distance space is formed between the portion comprising the absorption material and the portion comprising the catalyst material, wherein the catalyst material is configured as a catalyst bar, the catalyst bar is arranged in a first gas-permeable tube and the distance space is formed in a gap space between the inner walling of the first gas-permeable tube and the outer wall of the catalyst bar.

A corrosion resistant refractory ceramic hexagonal target tile body for use covering a catalyst, including a generally flat hexagonal portion and a plurality of generally right circular cylindrical aperture portions extending therethrough, wherein the hexagonal tile body has a thickness of about 89 mm and a width of about 42 cm and is 13 percent yttria fully stabilized YSZ. Each respective aperture has a diameter of about 19 mm.

An apparatus for hydrocarbon conversion, the apparatus including a reactor and a reactor insert secured and disposed within an interior cavity of the reactor, is described. The reactor is configured to permit addition of a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon at an upstream end of the reactor and to permit discharge of a product stream at a downstream end of the reactor. The reactor insert is configured to provide heat to the interior cavity to promote conversion of hydrocarbons as the feed stream moves from the upstream end of the reactor to the downstream end of the reactor. The products of the conversion reaction are discharged at the downstream end as part of the product stream. A method for hydrocarbon conversion using the apparatus is also described.

A solar thermochemical reactor includes an outer member, an inner member disposed within an outer member, wherein the outer member surrounds the inner member and wherein the outer member has an aperture for receiving solar radiation and wherein an inner cavity and an outer cavity are formed by the inner member and outer member and a reactive material capable of being magnetically stabilized wherein the reactive material is disposed in the outer cavity between the inner member and the outer member.

A solar thermochemical reactor includes an outer member, an inner member disposed within an outer member, wherein the outer member surrounds the inner member and wherein the outer member has an aperture for receiving solar radiation and wherein an inner cavity and an outer cavity are formed by the inner member and outer member and a reactive material capable of being magnetically stabilized wherein the reactive material is disposed in the outer cavity between the inner member and the outer member.

The invention relates to a process for preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride comprising circulating a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cu.sup.n+ with n being a number in the range from 1 to 2, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl in a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III, each comprising a reaction zone i, ii and iii respectively, wherein: ?(a) in the reaction zone i of the first bubble lift reactor I, a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cu.sup.n+, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl is contacted with oxygen at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405? C. so that the molar ratio Cu.sup.n+:Cu.sup.+ in the liquid melt increases, obtaining a liquid melt having an increased molar ratio Cu.sup.n+:Cu.sup.+ ?(b) the liquid melt obtained in (a) is circulated to the reaction zone ii in the second bubble lift reactor II, where the liquid melt is contacted with hydrogen chloride at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405? C. so that water is formed, obtaining a liquid melt being enriched in chloride anions (CI-) compared to the liquid melt obtained according to (a); ?(c) circulating the liquid melt obtained in (b) to the reaction zone iii in the third bubble lift reactor III, which is operated at a temperature in the range from 420 to 430? C. so that chlorine (Cl.sub.2) is formed, wherein Cl.sub.2 is removed from the reaction zone iii and the third bubble lift reactor III respectively in gaseous form, leaving a liquid melt depleted of Cl-compared to the liquid melt obtained according to (b). The invention further relates to a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III.