A method for producing metal chloride M.sup.x+Clx includes reacting metal carbonate in solid form using phosgene, diphosgene and/or triphosgene to form metal chloride M.sup.x+Clx, wherein the metal M is selected from the group containing alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, or Li, for example, and x corresponds to the valency of the metal cations. An apparatus for performing such method is also disclosed.

The present invention can supply a pulse to a pure germanium rod made of germanium so as to significantly increase concentration in a short period of time and shorten dissolving time, and relates to a device for generating and supplying germanium ionic water, which can promote the ionization of germanium.

A nanostructure includes a plurality of substantially spherically curved carbon layers having diameters in a range of 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers and a plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the carbon layers. A composition of matter includes a liquid fuel and an additive including at least one liquid and a plurality of carbon nano-onions. A method of fabricating an additive for liquid fuel includes creating a carbon-based material using a plasma in an environment including at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds, evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material, halogenating the carbon-based material, and extracting carbon nano-onions from the halogenated carbon-based material.

There is disclosed a device and a system for capturing moisture and nutrients from the air, such as from fog, mist, and rain. In an aspect, the water and nutrient capture system (WNCS) includes a water harvester or a water converter, an electricity generator, and a discharge reactor. In another aspect, the system includes one or more fog-to-water converters (FWC) and a spark-type droplet-based electric generator (SDEG). In yet another aspect, the FWC is a spiky cylindrical hollow structure having a biphilic surface, for example, a hydrophilic pattern on a hydrophobic substrate. The disclosed device and system improve water collection efficiency by up to 85% while reducing material usage by up to 44.8%. Further, the device and system may be used to facilitate nitrogen fixation, collect water, generate electricity, and/or promote plant growth. Moreover, the device and system may be used in agriculture and horticulture, environmental remediation, and/or water harvesting.

An apparatus comprises a chamber, an emitter configured to emit electromagnetic radiation into the chamber, and an igniter configured to provide energy at an ignition point within the chamber to initiate a gas discharge. The emitter and the igniter are operable in conjunction to generate nonthermal plasma within the chamber at atmospheric pressure.