A method and apparatus for making carbon black having increased surface area, reduced grit and/or reduced extract levels. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region to form a plasma. The plasma then flows through a throat region which is narrower than the plasma forming section, which is connected to a separate carbon black forming region. This causes the plasma to accelerate and become turbulent prior to the exit point in the throat region. The carbon black forming feedstock is injected into the turbulence created by the throat region at a point above, at or near the exit point, resulting in the formation of a carbon black in the separate carbon black forming region. The throat region and/or injector region can be cooled, e.g., water plasma gas cooled.

A system and method for use in synthesis and promoting interactions of chiral molecules. The system can include: a container configured for containing fluid mixture comprising one or more reactant molecules and at least one surface comprising ferromagnetic or paramagnetic material located to be in at least partial contact with reactants in said container. The ferromagnetic of paramagnetic material can be magnetizable with magnetization direction perpendicular to said at least one surface, thereby providing chiral selective synthesis from said one or more reactant molecules. The technique can enable selective interactions of enantiomers of selected handedness of chiral molecules or formation of selected enantiomers from achiral molecule reactants.

Disclosed herein is a method and device for production of a new long-term storage-stable allotropic modification of oxygen, tetraoxygen O.sub.4, using a combination of known chemical reactions into one technological sequence, including chemical interaction of negative and positive oxidation state oxygen compounds.

The method involves production of dioxygen difluoride by oxidation of molecular oxygen with fluorine, followed by the reaction of dioxygen difluoride with alkali metal peroxide, forming tetraoxygen O.sub.4.

Tetraoxygen is stable in its liquid state up to a temperature of +40° C. and can be used for the oxidation of rocket fuel, long-term compact storage of oxygen, and many other purposes.

A method for producing plasmonic nanomaterials that are catalytically or photocatalytically active by fabricating plasmonic nanostructures on substrates using electrodeposition into a nano-template structure and forming a plurality of nanorods in an array, wherein the nanorods are made from materials chosen from the group consisting of materials that are plasmonic and/or catalytic, and materials that are catalytically activated by depositing pure elemental metals, alloys, or alternating layers of different metals or alloys, and producing catalytic plasmonic nanomaterials. Catalytic plasmonic nanomaterials made from the above method. An optical reactor device that utilizes catalytic nanomaterials for photocatalytic synthesis of methanol or ammonia. A method of photocatalytic synthesis of methanol and ammonia by using catalytic plasmonic nanomaterial to convert CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to methanol and N.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to ammonia using optical power. A hybrid plasma-plasmonic reactor for the utilization of CO.sub.2 and CH.sub.4 to produce methanol, ethylene, and acetic acid.

Embodiments relate to generating non-thermal plasma to selectively convert a precursor to a product. More specifically, plasma forming material, a precursor material, and a plasma promoter material are provided to a reaction zone of a vessel. The reaction zone is exposed to microwave radiation, including exposing the plasma forming material, the precursor material, and the plasma promoter material to the microwave radiation. The exposure of the plasma forming material and the plasma promoter material to the microwave radiation selectively converts the plasma forming material to a micro-plasma. The precursor material is mixed with the plasma forming material and the precursor material is exposed to the micro-plasma. The exposure of the precursor material to the micro-plasma and the microwave radiation selectively converts the precursor material to a product.

Systems and methods for plasma based synthesis of graphitic materials. The system includes a plasma forming zone configured to generate a plasma from radio-frequency radiation, an interface element configured to transmit the plasma from the plasma forming zone to a reaction zone, and the reaction zone configured to receive the plasma. The reaction zone is further configured to receive feedstock material comprising a carbon containing species, and convert the feedstock material to a product comprising the graphitic materials in presence of the plasma.

The present invention relates to the corona discharge-induced cracking of hydrogen-containing gas into molecular hydrogen and at least one by-product, or the production of molecular hydrogen and at least one by-product, or the production of downstream products from the molecular hydrogen and/or the at least one by-product. To this end, hydrogen-containing gas is fed via a gas supply line into a gas-tight reaction chamber with exactly one plasma electrode. The gas-tight reaction chamber is enclosed by a wall that is designed to electrically insulate the plasma electrode from an outside of the wall. The plasma electrode is connected to a high-frequency generator that provides high-frequency alternating voltage and generates corona discharges in the reaction chamber by means of the high-frequency alternating voltage. This results in the cracking of hydrogen-containing gas into molecular hydrogen and at least one by-product. The molecular hydrogen is discharged from the reaction chamber via a gas discharge line. The hydrogen-containing gas can contain, for example, methane, biogas, natural gas, hydrogen sulfide, or cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, gasoline, JP-8, or diesel that have been converted into the gaseous aggregate state.

A method and system for reforming CO.sub.2 rich natural gases is disclosed which comprises: a cold plasma unit configured to convert CO.sub.2 rich natural gases into a plasma state; and a gas reforming reactor configured to reform said CO.sub.2 rich gas mixture at said plasma state into a syngas. The catalytic reforming reactor is separate and different from the DBD cold plasma unit. Means for latent heat of condensation, endothermic/exothermic reactions, and convection currents is used to achieve energy efficiency.

A nanostructure includes a plurality of substantially spherically curved carbon layers having diameters in a range of 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers and a plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the carbon layers. A composition of matter includes a liquid fuel and an additive including at least one liquid and a plurality of carbon nano-onions. A method of fabricating an additive for liquid fuel includes creating a carbon-based material using a plasma in an environment including at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds, evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material, halogenating the carbon-based material, and extracting carbon nano-onions from the halogenated carbon-based material.

A gas processing device includes: a casing that includes a first end having a first opening region constituting an intake port, a second end having a second opening region constituting an exhaust port, and a main body portion on the inside of which is formed a hollow portion; a discharge lamp that has a tube body which is disposed in the hollow portion and which has a shape extending in the first direction, a first electrode, and a second electrode, the discharge lamp that emits ultraviolet rays from the tube body; a power supply unit arranged outside the casing; and a first power supply line and a second power supply line that are wired so as to pass through a side closer to the first end than the main body portion, and that electrically connect the power supply unit to the first electrode and the second electrode.