The disclosure relates to a device for making charged nanoparticles, the device includes: an atomizer configured to atomize a solution into micro-scaled droplets; a first electrode and a second electrode substantially parallel with and spaced from each other, a power supply configured to apply a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode, at least one first through-hole is defined on the first electrode and at least one second through-hole is defined on the second electrode to allow the micro-scaled droplets to pass through.

A method for manufacturing a ferromagnetic-particle includes preparing a manufacturing apparatus including a single mode cavity that resonates with a microwave of a predetermined wavelength; a microwave oscillator electrically connected to the single mode cavity and configured to introduce the microwave of a predetermined wavelength into the single mode cavity; a pipe disposed to pass linearly through an inside of the single mode cavity, the pipe being formed of a dielectric material; and a pump configured to introduce, from one end of the pipe, an alkaline reaction liquid in which metal ions of a ferromagnetic metal and hydroxide ions are dissolved; and reacting the reaction liquid in the pipe, introduced by the pump, by introducing the microwave into the single mode cavity so as to generate the ferromagnetic-particle in the pipe.

A method for manufacturing a ferromagnetic-particle includes preparing a manufacturing apparatus including an induction heating coil; a radiofrequency power source electrically connected to the induction heating coil and configured to form an alternating field inside the induction heating coil; a pipe disposed to pass through the induction heating coil, in which at least a partial area of the pipe in an axial direction thereof is formed of a dielectric material and an area, which is nearer to one end of the pipe than the area formed of a dielectric material, is formed of a conductive material; and a pump configured to introduce, from the one end of the pipe, an alkaline reaction liquid in which metal ions of a ferromagnetic metal and hydroxide ions are dissolved; reacting the reaction liquid in the pipe, introduced by the pump, by forming an alternating field inside the induction heating coil; and generating the ferromagnetic-particle in the pipe based on the reaction of the reaction liquid in the pipe.

InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo-excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and/or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.

A liquid processing apparatus includes a processing tank, a first electrode, an insulator, a liquid introduction port, a discharge portion, a second electrode, an opening portion, and a power supply. The first electrode is disposed at the first end of the processing tank. The insulator covers at least a part of a side surface of the first electrode disposed to protrude from an inner wall of the first end of the processing tank into the processing tank. The liquid introduction port causes a liquid to swirl by introducing the liquid in a tangential direction of the processing tank and generates a gas phase in a swirling flow of the liquid. An outer diameter of the insulator is smaller than an outer diameter of a gas-phase generating space where the gas phase is generated in the processing tank.

The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing an oil-in-water mixture having a predeterminable oil concentration which can be used as a reference mixture in the determination of oil concentrations of oil-in-water mixtures, comprising the steps of arranging at least one oil storage element in a container, feeding a predeterminable amount of a water-containing fluid into the container; and introducing ultrasonic waves into the fluid that are emitted in the direction of the oil storage element covered by the fluid, wherein the oil received in the oil storage element is released from the oil storage element by means of ultrasonic waves acting on the oil storage element and is distributed in the fluid. The present disclosure further relates to an apparatus for preparing an oil-in-water mixture.

The disclosure relates to a dual catalytic method for forming aryl carbon-nitrogen bonds. The method comprises contacting an aryl halide with an amine in the presence of a dual catalytic solution comprising a Ni(II) salt catalyst, a photocatalyst, and an optional base, thereby forming a reaction mixture; exposing the reaction mixture to light under reaction condition sufficient to produce the aryl carbon-nitrogen bonds. In certain embodiments, the amine may be present in a molar excess to the aryl halide. In certain embodiment, the photocatalyst may be [Ru(bpy).sub.3]Cl.sub.2 or an organic phenoxazine. In certain embodiments, the Ni salt catalyst solution includes a Ni(II) salt and a polar solvent, wherein the Ni(II) salt is dissolved in the polar solvent.

A plasma reactor for enriching water with nitrogen compounds. The plasma reactor includes a water container (8); a plasma head (3) connected with a microwave generator (1) by a waveguide (2); a quartz tube (5) having a first end situated within the plasma head (3) and a second end that protrudes into the water container (8); a gas circulator (9) configured to introduce gas into the first end of the quartz tube (5) so that the introduced gas comes out through the second end of the quartz tube (5); a discharge generating rod (4) configured to be inserted into the plasma head (3) within the quartz tube (5) to generate a discharge in the quartz tube (5) and to be moved out of the head (3) after the discharge has been generated.

Ultrasonic horns having improved longevity and simplified manufacturing approaches that can be more easily adapted to ultrasonic reactor chambers or batch processing containers. The ultrasonic horn designs increase the uniformity and intensity of acoustic energy radiated into a liquid medium and thus better correspond to the requirements of a particular sonochemical or sonomechanical process. The ultrasonic horns do not require a specific number of cylindrical sections and allow for various lengths and profiles of variable-diameter sections. The ultrasonic horns also reduce stress in the material of the ultrasonic horns and therefore extend longevity.

In various embodiments, the invention teaches a method for water splitting with much higher efficiency than previous methods. By decreasing the distance between two electrodes to nanometer scale, even shorter than the electric field screening length, the external power required for water splitting is significantly reduced.