A method for manufacturing a porous carbon material doped with a heterogeneous element and a porous carbon material doped with a heterogeneous element manufactured using the method are proposed. The method includes melting carbon precursor powder that contains one or more kinds of heterogeneous elements selected from metal and nonmetal to prepare a precursor melt; disposing a pair of metal wires in the precursor melt; and applying power to the metal wires to perform plasma-discharge, thus forming and aggregating carbon nanoparticles doped with the heterogeneous element while having a micropore and thereby forming a porous carbon material having a meso-macro hierarchical pore structure. As the heterogeneous element is bound to carbon of the carbon precursor, the carbon nanoparticles are formed in an amorphous structure while being doped with the heterogeneous element, thus increasing an active site.

An apparatus for the treatment of a liquid that includes a chamber having at least one inner surface, the chamber adapted for passage of a fluid therethrough. The chamber is at least 80 percent enclosed. The apparatus also includes an optional ultraviolet-transmissive tube disposed within the chamber and also adapted for the passage of the liquid therethrough. The apparatus further includes an ultraviolet lamp disposed within the chamber and, optionally, within the ultraviolet-transmissive tube. A reflective material is interposed between the chamber and the transmissive tube. The reflective material is adapted so as to reflect at least a portion of light emitted by the ultraviolet lamp, wherein the reflective material is at least 80 percent reflective.

The present invention provides a method of controlling back reactions or recombination reactions of product molecules formed in a dissociation reaction of reactant molecules of a fluid sample, in a reaction chamber. The method comprises introducing the fluid sample into the reaction chamber through one or more inlets, initiating the dissociation reaction of the reactant molecules of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to form the product molecules, creating a patterned flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to reduce/minimize disordered and/or turbulent mixing of the reactant molecules and/or product molecules in the fluid sample, and conveying the fluid sample comprising the product molecules out from the reaction chamber through one or more outlets.

A system and method produces nitrogen-based fertilizer, which is synthesized from air and water using renewable electricity, mainly from solar energy and low-temperature plasma technology and stored prior to distributing to plants via drip irrigation. The process of liquid fertilizer generation and system description are presented. A glass reactor with a digital 3D-printed end flange is utilized as a reactor chamber. The system and method synthesize a product that is primarily a liquid nitrate (NO.sub.3.sup.−) based fertilizer in an aqueous solution.

A high voltage discharge generating a plasma wave front is disposed within a headspace over an oil-containing liquid in order to create various chemical changes within the headspace, and ultimately within the liquid in order to inactivate various microbes, synthesize new chemicals, speed separation of a mixture, and aid in oil extraction. Such a discharge may be repeated at an optimum duration and duty-cycle to maximize the chemical effects of the non-equilibrium plasma at a substantially lower temperature than for an equilibrium plasma.

Disclosed is a nanocatalyst-type nanoscale composition including a nanoparticle semiconductor, plasmonic metal nanoparticles and an organic photosensitiser of the carbo-mer type. Also disclosed is a method for producing such a nano-catalyst. Also disclosed is use of the nanocatalyst for photoelectrolysis, in particular, for the photoelectrolysis of water, as well as to a power source including the nanocatalyst.

The present disclosure relates to a system and method for synthesis of condensed nano-materials to at least one of create nanoparticles or modify existing nanoparticles. In one embodiment the system may have a source of liquid precursor, with the liquid precursor including a compound therein. A flow control element and a compression wave generating subsystem are also included. The flow control element is in communication with the source of the liquid precursor and creates a jet of liquid precursor. The compression wave generating subsystem drives a compression wave through at least a substantial portion of a thickness of the jet of liquid precursor to sufficiently compress the jet of liquid precursor, and to increase pressure and temperature of the jet of liquid precursor, to at least one of create nanoparticles or modify existing nanoparticles.

A method of substituting an azide for hydrogen bonded to a tertiary carbon atom is provided. A liquid mixture in an oxygen-free environment has spaced-apart carbon and platinum electrodes disposed therein. The liquid mixture includes a solvent, ammonium azide, and a base material having at least one tertiary carbon atom with hydrogen bonded thereto. An electric current is applied to the electrodes where the liquid mixture undergoes a reaction. The electrochemically-induced reaction yields a liquid product and a solid product. The liquid product includes the solvent and a constituent having at least one tertiary carbon atom with an azide bonded thereto.

The mantle peridotite based-activated carbon nanosheet is a catalyst for cathode oxygen reduction of seawater to generate hydrogen when exposed to sunlight (photocatalytic water splitting). The catalyst is placed in the top surface of seawater and when exposed to sunlight begins to generate hydrogen (H.sup.+). The catalyst mantle peridotite based-activated carbon nanosheet and the sunlight combine generate electricity, mix with seawater splits the seawater significantly generates hydrogen (H.sup.+) from the seawater. The hydrogen is collected and stored in the cathode. From the cathode the collected gas is transferred to the hydrogen storage tank.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.