A method of producing a substance includes a producing step of producing a new substance by, in a state in which a raw material absorbing giant pulse laser light is disposed inside a base material or in a state in which the base material and the raw material are brought into contact with each other and are clamped together, performing irradiation with the giant pulse laser light such that the raw material absorbs the giant pulse laser light and thereby generating shock waves such that at least the raw material undergoes phase transition.

The present invention refers to a method and an equipment for the extraction of compounds from grapes by means of ultrasound in vinification processes generated through a sonoplate coupled to the walls of the pipe/duct through which the crushed grapes flow. During this extraction the transfer of phenols responsible for color from the solid portion (skin) to the liquid portion after crushing the grapes takes place as a consequence of the phenomenon known as cavitation, which allows the breaking of the skin cells and makes the phenolic compounds responsible for the color available to the liquid medium to be integrated in said liquid medium enhancing wine color.

A barrel reactor (100) comprises a rotatable barrel (102); a first roller (110) located outside of the barrel (102) and arranged to facilitate rotation of the barrel, wherein the roller (110) comprises at least part of a first electrode; and a second electrode (120). A plasma is formed between the electrodes (110, 120). The second electrode (120) may also comprise a roller and the barrel (102) may be mounted on the rollers (110, 120). The spacing between, or positions of, the electrodes (110, 120) may be adjusted so as to accommodate different barrels (102) and/or to change the plasma distribution within the barrel (102).

Applying electromagnetic energy to a hydrocarbon feed in the presence of at least one of a solvent, a catalyst, an electromagnetic receptor or a hydrogenation agent may result in depolymerization and compositional modification of the hydrocarbon feedstock into at least one of smaller hydrocarbon product fractions or viscosity modification.

The present invention discloses a systematic method for phosphorus sustainability, sand soilization and odor removal utilizing the phosphorus-unlocking and odor removing green chemistry of a surface-oxygenated biochar composition made through ozonization in combination with sonication. Surface-oxygenated biochar compositions and sonication-ozonization methods create advanced hydrophilic biochar materials having higher cation exchange capacity, optimized pH, improved wettability, and toxin free components. These sonicated and ozonized biochar compositions are used as filtration materials for clean water and air, as phosphorus solubilizing reagents to mix with phosphate rock materials to make a slow-releasing phosphate fertilizer, as biochar soil additives to help solubilize phosphorus and reduce phosphorus fertilizer additions required to achieve desired soil phosphorus activity, crop uptake, and yield goals, as sand soilization reagents by utilizing their liquid gel-forming activity in the spaces among sand particles to retain water and nutrients and hold the sand particles together, as plant growth stimulants by using the humic acids-like surface-oxygenated biochar substances at a proper ppm concentration and as carbon sequestration agents to help control climate change for energy and environmental sustainability on Earth.

A reactor system for dehydrogenation of alkanes in a given temperature range upon bringing a reactant stream including alkanes into contact with a catalytic mixture. The reactor system includes a reactor unit arranged to accommodate the catalytic mixture, where the catalytic mixture includes catalyst particles and a ferromagnetic material. The catalyst particles are arranged to catalyze the dehydrogenation of alkanes. The ferromagnetic material is ferromagnetic at least at temperatures up to an upper limit of the given temperature range. The reactor system moreover includes an induction coil arranged to be powered by a power source supplying alternating current and being positioned so as to generate an alternating magnetic field within the reactor unit upon energization by the power source, whereby the catalytic mixture is heated to a temperature within the temperature range by means of the alternating magnetic field. Also, a catalytic mixture and a method of dehydrogenating alkanes.

A fine particle producing apparatus includes a reaction chamber extending vertically from the lower side to the upper side; a material supply device which is connected to a central part on one end side of the vertically lower side inside the reaction chamber and supplies a material particle into the reaction chamber of a vertically upper side from a material supply port; a first electrode arrangement region which protrudes in an inward radial direction to be disposed on an inner peripheral wall in the reaction chamber which is vertically above the material supply device, and includes a plurality of lower electrodes to which AC power is applied; a second electrode arrangement region which protrudes in an inward radial direction to be disposed on an inner peripheral wall in the reaction chamber which is vertically above the first electrode arrangement region, and includes a plurality of upper electrodes to which AC power is applied; a collector which is connected to the other end side in the reaction chamber of the vertically upper side so as to collect fine particles; a power source which is capable of changing a frequency of AC power applied to at least one of the lower electrode included in the first electrode arrangement region and the upper electrode included in the second electrode arrangement region; and a controller which sets the frequency of AC power applied to the lower electrode as a frequency equal to or higher than a frequency of AC power applied to the upper electrode, in which a fine particle is generated from the material particle by generating arc discharge by the lower electrode and the upper electrode, and generating plasma in the reaction chamber.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to relates to heterogeneous catalysts useful for the synthesis of ammonia under microwave irradiation, processes for preparing the disclosed heterogeneous catalysts, and processes for synthesizing ammonia using the heterogeneous catalysts with microwave irradiation. In various aspects, the disclosed heterogeneous catalysts comprise: a metal selected from Group 7, Group 8, Group 9, Group 10, Group 11, or combinations thereof; a metal oxide support; and optionally a promoter material. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

The invention is a method for treating a solid substrate, made from a first material, of metal or ceramic type, the method comprising placing the substrate in contact with a liquid metal, while the substrate is exposed to an ultrasonic wave called a power wave. At the level of a surface of the substrate, the power density is greater than a cavitation threshold of the liquid metal. Such exposure improves the wettability of the substrate surface by the liquid metal.

The present disclosure is directed to a low temperature method of preparing graphene. The method comprises applying a graphene oxide to a substrate and treating the graphene oxide on the substrate using photoreduction to reduce and stitch the graphene oxide to graphene. The present disclosure is also directed to graphene produced according to the aforementioned method.