An apparatus for generating a flow of reactive gas for decontaminating a material, surface or area, comprises a first electrode member comprising a first plurality of conductive surfaces and a second electrode member comprising a second plurality of conductive surfaces. The second electrode member is arranged in spaced relationship with the first electrode member to define a reactor channel. The conductive surfaces are exposed to the reactor channel so as to form air gaps between the first plurality of conductive surfaces and the second plurality of conductive surfaces. An air blower generates a flow of air through the reactor channel. An electric pulse generator repetitively generates voltage pulses between the first and second electrode members so as to produce glow discharges in the air gaps between the conductive surfaces of the first plurality and the conductive surfaces of the second plurality, the voltage pulses being generated at time intervals less than 1 millisecond and voltage pulse duration less than about 500 ns, the glow discharges being adapted to transform part of the flow of air into reactive gas. An output section delivers the reactive gas from the reactor channel to a sample or region to be decontaminated or treated.

Apparatus and process for the continuous production of carbon black or carbon containing compounds. The process is performed by converting a carbon containing feedstock, including generating a plasma gas with electrical energy, accelerating the plasma gas through a nozzle, whose diameter is narrowing in the direction of the plasma gas, guiding the plasma gas into a reaction area where feedstock is injected under conditions generated by aerodynamic and electromagnetic forces, including intense rapid mixing between the plasma gas and feedstock occurs. There is no significant recirculation of feedstock into the plasma chamber, and the reaction zone does not immediately come into contact with any contact surfaces. The products of reaction are cooled, and the carbon black or carbon containing compounds are separated from the other reaction products.

A rotating heat regenerator is used to recover heat from the syngas at it exits the reactor vessel of a waste or biomass gasifier. In some embodiments, three or more streams are passed through the heat exchanger. One stream is the dirty syngas, which heats the rotating material. A second stream is a cold stream that is heated as it passes through the material. A third stream is a cleaning stream, which serves to remove particulates that are collected on the rotating material as the dirty syngas passes through it. This apparatus can also be used as an auto-heat exchanger, or it can exchange heat between separate flows in the gasifier process. The apparatus can also be used to reduce the heating requirement for the thermal residence chamber (TRC) used downstream from the gasification system

Systems and methods for plasma based synthesis of graphitic materials. The system includes a plasma forming zone configured to generate a plasma from radio-frequency radiation, an interface element configured to transmit the plasma from the plasma forming zone to a reaction zone, and the reaction zone configured to receive the plasma. The reaction zone is further configured to receive feedstock material comprising a carbon containing species, and convert the feedstock material to a product comprising the graphitic materials in presence of the plasma.

The current invention relates to a method for producing CO from CO2, comprising the steps of: providing process gas comprising CO2, and optionally CO, to a plasma jet generator; igniting a plasma in the process gas by the plasma jet generator, thereby obtaining a plasma jet comprising CO and O species; introducing the plasma jet into a carbon reaction chamber; extracting product gas from the reaction chamber, said product gas comprising said CO and CO2 and recycling at least part of the product gas and providing said product gas comprising CO and CO2 to a plasma jet generator. The invention also relates to a system for converting CO2 to CO, comprising: a carbon reaction chamber and a plasma jet generator, wherein said gas outlet of the reaction chamber is in fluid communication with the process gas inlet of a plasma jet generator.

The invention relates to a device (4) for carrying out a chemical rection in a plasma (223), wherein the device (4) comprises a source for generating electromagnetic waves (211), at least one first reactor (200), at least one connecting piece (230) and a second reactor (240). The invention also relates to a method for carrying out the chemical reaction using the device (4).

The present disclosure generally provides plasma processing chambers and methods thereof. The plasma processing chambers comprises a chamber body covered by a lid, the chamber body and the lid defining a chamber interior volume. A substrate support is disposed on a support shaft within the chamber interior volume. The substrate support includes a body having a top layer including a ceramic composition and a lower layer including a nitride, an oxide, or a carbide. A mesh is embedded in the lower layer. One or more heating elements are disposed below the mesh proximal to the support shaft.

Apparatus for treating materials with plasma, comprising a microwave generator (15), a waveguide (20) and a tubular torch (30), comprising three coaxial tubes (33, 35, 37) and a central section (30.2) connected to the waveguide (20) by means of a body (50) having a cavity (52) through which the tubes pass. A plasma containment chamber is defined in the outer tube (35) at the cavity (52) of the body (50).

The system for plasma dissociation of hydrocarbons is a plasma-based system for dissociating a feed gas, such as a hydrocarbon gas, and recombining the components thereof into desired materials. The system for plasma dissociation of hydrocarbons includes a chamber having a plasma inlet and a plasma source for projecting a plasma through the plasma inlet into an interior of the chamber. A rotating member is mounted in the interior of the chamber and the rotating member is driven to rotate by a motor or the like such that the plasma impinges on a surface of the rotating member while the rotating member is rotating to form a solid material. The solid material falls from the rotating member under the force of gravity and/or centrifugal force while it is rotating and is collected on an interior floor surface of the chamber.

A waste conversion apparatus and a method of implementing the apparatus are provided. The apparatus includes a control system, and a feedstock analysis system or output analysis system. A plasma forming device within a reactor of the waste conversion apparatus is controlled by the control system to apply a plasma arc to a supply of waste feedstock supplied to the system. Integrated feedback control is provided to the plasma forming device based on an analysis by the feedback analysis system to characterize of the supply of waste feedstock, and/or an analysis by the output analysis system to characterize a gas product from the reactor.