A process and apparatus for cracking liquid hydrocarbon materials into light hydrocarbon fractions using a carrier gas including methane and hydrogen.

Provided is an approach for scaling up a multiphase plasma chemical reactor that uses gas bubble discharge in liquids. One example involves single spark gap discharge scale up systems and processes with suitable characteristic parameters. Scaling parameters are based on the size change of one spark gap. Another example involves scale-up systems and processes that can be applied to multiple spark gaps with multiple discharge modules and its dimension information. Numbers of modules and resulting device sizes could be based on required production rate and specific energy input. Applications allow for scaling up of any plasma chemical system or process with similar mechanisms and reactors, such oil treatment reactors.

The invention comprises a process for obtaining a gas from a fluid fuel and an oxidising fluid, said process comprising steps in which the incoming fluid is subjected to temperature, photocatalytic action and reaction with catalysts, all this within a device with a tubular structure which the incoming fluid circulates through in a spiral manner, between a fixed bed attached to the walls of the duct and a circulating bed with an ionised gas stream that occupies a central position of the duct, producing a gas obtained.

An exothermic reaction assembly includes a reaction chamber and a generator operative to generate an AC electrical signal and apply the signal to the reaction chamber by superimposing the AC signal over a DC signal. A gas manifold and controller is operative to connect a vacuum pump and one or more gas chambers to the reaction chamber and to control a pressure of the reaction chamber. The signal generator is operative to create a plasma in the reaction chamber by superimposing the AC electrical signal to the reaction chamber over the DC signal. The gas manifold and controller are operative to adjust the pressure within the reaction chamber to achieve a predetermined plasma frequency.

Systems and methods for a nitric oxide (NO) generation system are provided. In particular, the present disclosure provide an NO generation system that is configured to be cooled to maintain an NO generator of the system at or below temperatures safe for patient use and contact. In some non-limiting examples, the NO generation system may include a pump configured to furnish a fluid (e.g., a gas) toward and/or through the NO generator to provide cooling thereto.

A fine particle producing apparatus includes a reaction chamber extending vertically from the lower side to the upper side; a material supply device which is connected to a central part on one end side of the vertically lower side inside the reaction chamber and supplies a material particle into the reaction chamber of a vertically upper side from a material supply port; a first electrode arrangement region which protrudes in an inward radial direction to be disposed on an inner peripheral wall in the reaction chamber which is vertically above the material supply device, and includes a plurality of lower electrodes to which AC power is applied; a second electrode arrangement region which protrudes in an inward radial direction to be disposed on an inner peripheral wall in the reaction chamber which is vertically above the first electrode arrangement region, and includes a plurality of upper electrodes to which AC power is applied; a collector which is connected to the other end side in the reaction chamber of the vertically upper side so as to collect fine particles; a power source which is capable of changing a frequency of AC power applied to at least one of the lower electrode included in the first electrode arrangement region and the upper electrode included in the second electrode arrangement region; and a controller which sets the frequency of AC power applied to the lower electrode as a frequency equal to or higher than a frequency of AC power applied to the upper electrode, in which a fine particle is generated from the material particle by generating arc discharge by the lower electrode and the upper electrode, and generating plasma in the reaction chamber.

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for in situ production of liquid nitrogen fertilizer and plasma activated water for agricultural nutrient management and irrigation water treatment. In the invention, there are two different kinds of plasma reactors operates in tandem.

Apparatus and method for plasma synthesis of carbon nanotubes couple a plasma nozzle to a reaction tube/chamber. A process gas comprising a carbon-containing species is supplied to the plasma nozzle. Radio frequency radiation is supplied to the process gas within the plasma nozzle, so as to sustain a plasma within the nozzle in use, and thereby cause cracking of the carbon-containing species. The plasma nozzle is arranged such that an afterglow of the plasma extends into the reaction tube/chamber. The cracked carbon-containing species also pass into the reaction tube/chamber. The cracked carbon-containing species recombine within the afterglow, so as to form carbon nanotubes in the presence of a catalyst.

Gas streams may be effectively processed using microwave energy in such a way as to significantly reduce processing cost and plant complexity. In the first instance, microwave energy is used to generate a self-catalytic, non-equilibrium plasma, resulting in essentially complete gas reaction at industrial scales of operation. In the second instance, microwave energy is used in combination with conventional catalyst materials to significantly enhance their performance by enabling operation at reduced gas temperatures. In this second instance, the microwave energy may be used either to generate a non-equilibrium plasma or to selectively and directly heat the catalyst material.

Provided are a method and apparatus capable of producing fine particles with favorable particle size distribution. In a production method in which feedstock for fine particle production is supplied intermittently into a modulated induction thermal plasma flame, the feedstock is vaporized to form a gas phase mixture, and the mixture is cooled to produce the fine particles: a modulated induction thermal plasma flame in which the temperature state is time-modulated is generated; the modulated induction thermal plasma flame is switched between a high temperature state and a low temperature state; and when the modulated induction thermal plasma flame is in the high temperature state, the feedstock is supplied together with a carrier gas, and when the modulated induction thermal plasma flame is in the low temperature state, supply of the feedstock is suspended and a gas of the same type as the carrier gas is supplied.