[Problem] To improve productivity of guest-free silicon clathrates [Solution] A method of producing a guest-free silicon clathrate includes a synthesizing step of performing a heat treatment on a mixture containing Si as a material serving as a host and a material serving as a guest to synthesize a silicon clathrate compound; and a guest removing step of irradiating the silicon clathrate compound contained in a container with an electromagnetic wave to remove the guest while suctioning gas inside the container.

A nail polish curing device with a light absorbing chamber is provided, including: a lower case, an upper case, a control module and a bottom plate. The lower case includes an enclosed wall and an opening on a side of the wall. A chamber is formed by the opening and the wall. The upper case is detachably mounted on the lower case. An upper opening and a recess that serves as a hidden handle are provided on the upper case. The control module is disposed on the upper case and is configured to activate UV light emitting diode module. Herein, a light absorbing layer is provided on the bottom plate and on each surface of the lower case in the chamber. The light absorbing layers are configured to completely absorb UV light emitted by the UV light emitting diode.

A method for the preparation of zirconia-multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite utilizing Pluronics as templating agents is described. An efficient method for producing hydrogen gas using the nanocomposite as a photocatalyst.

The invention relates to a method for the infrared-light-induced yield optimization of chemical reactions, wherein an energy input into at least one starting material that is subjected to a chemical reaction takes place by means of infrared light pulses having a mean wavelength in the range of 2000 to 100000 nm. The chemical reaction here is a reaction in which a product, the molecular formula of which does not correspond to the molecular formula of the starting material, is formed and wherein the yield optimization for the most part is not based on a thermal heating of the starting material. The invention is characterized in that the infrared light pulses have a fixed wavelength and in that the energy input into the starting material takes place by means of vibration excitation by a one-photon process.

Apparatus for applying electromagnetic energy at a frequency or frequencies in a frequency range of 1 MHz-100 GHz to an object in a cavity. The apparatus includes a source of electromagnetic energy and a processor configured to acquire information indicative of a spatial location of the object in the cavity, identify a first set of frequency and phase values, the first set being associated with a first field pattern having a first high-intensity region corresponding to a first area of the spatial location of the object, identify a second set of frequency and phase values, the second set being associated with a second field pattern having a second high-intensity region corresponding to a second area of the spatial location of the object, wherein the first area is different from the second area and control the source, in accordance with the first and second sets of frequency and phase values, to apply electromagnetic energy to the first and second areas.

An apparatus is provided for applying electromagnetic energy at a frequency or frequencies in a frequency range of 1 MHz to 100 GHz to an object in a cavity via at least one radiating element. At least one processor is configured to receive a target energy distribution, select, based on the target energy distribution, a plurality of sets of values of field-affecting parameters controllable by the apparatus. The parameters include at least one of frequency, phase, and amplitude. The apparatus provides for the control of a source coupled to the at least one radiating element to excite a respective field pattern for each selected set of values.

The present invention relates generally to an advanced oxidation process for providing advanced oxidation products to an environment. More particularly, the present invention provides a wick structure and hydrophilic granules for use in an advanced oxidation process, and methods of making the same. The wick structure and hydrophilic granules may be configured to collect and concentrate water vapor, so that the water vapor may subsequently be used to generate advanced oxidation products that react with and neutralize compounds in an environment, including microbes, odor causing chemicals, and other organic and inorganic chemicals.

A method of forming birnessite -MnO.sub.2 nanosheets is provided. The method includes oxidizing manganese (Mn.sup.2+) in the presence of a source of nitrate and a light source.

Provided is a photochemical reaction device wherein two partitions formed from an optically transparent material are arranged apart from each other between a light source and a reaction liquid, and an optically transparent fluid introduction/discharge means for introducing an optically transparent fluid between the partitions and discharging the fluid and a state change detection means for detecting a change in the state of the optically transparent fluid at the discharge side of the optically transparent fluid introduction/discharge means are provided. Also provided are a photochemical reaction method that uses the photochemical reaction device and a lactam production method that uses the photochemical reaction method. The present invention prevents decreases in the performance of the light source even when the optically transparent material in the photochemical reaction device is damaged, and makes it possible to reliably prevent ignition even if the reaction liquid is a flammable liquid.

This disclosure provides a method for quantum dots ligand exchanges and an apparatus of the same. The method includes providing a first ligand modified quantum dot, a second ligand and a first polymer. The method includes mixing the first ligand modified quantum dot, the second ligand and the first polymer in a solvent to perform the first ligand exchange, so as to obtain a second modified quantum dot. The first polymer contains a first functional group, which can have a first reaction with the first ligand, but do not react with the second ligand under the same conditions.