An object of the present invention is to provide an optical multipass cell that is compact and low cost, does not require the installation of a cooling mechanism around the mirror, and can increase the number of reflections of laser light, and the present invention provides an optical multipass cell comprising a container (3) to which a sample gas is supplied and a pair of concave mirrors (5 and 7) arranged so as to face each other inside the container (3), a laser beam is incident into the container (3), and the laser beam is multiply reflected between the concave mirrors (5 and 7), wherein at least one convex lens (9) is arranged on the optical path of the laser beam that is multiply reflected between the pair of concave mirrors (5 and 7) so that the central axis (C.sub.2) thereof is inclined with respect to the central axis (C.sub.1) of the concave mirrors (5 and 7), and an acute angle formed by the central axis (C.sub.2) of the convex lens (9) and the central axis (C.sub.1) of the concave mirrors (5 and 7) is equal to or less than a critical angle when the laser beam is emitted from the convex lens (9).

An assembly comprises a first liquid guide having an inlet, an outlet, and a liquid-conducting layer comprising a first material. The liquid-conducting layer extends between the inlet and the outlet. A second liquid guide has an inlet, an outlet, and a liquid-conducting layer comprising a second material. The liquid-conducting layer extends between the inlet and the outlet. At least a portion of the liquid-conducting layer of the second liquid guide overlaps the liquid-conducting layer of the first liquid guide such that, when a first liquid flows along the liquid-conducting layer of the first liquid guide and a second liquid flows along the liquid-conducting layer of the second liquid guide, the second liquid contacts the first liquid along the portion of the liquid-conducting layer of the second liquid guide that overlaps the liquid-conducting layer of the first liquid guide.

Alkylene oxides are polymerized in a tubular reactor. The alkylene oxide is continuously introduced into the tubular reactor through multiple introduction points located along the length of the tubular reactor. Monomer flow rates are increased along the length of the reactor to maintain a nearly constant concentration of unreacted alkylene oxide.

The present invention relates to a reactor for producing synthesis gas which has a fluid-tight connection to a heat exchanger, and to a process for producing synthesis gas, preferably under high pressure, by using the reactor. The reactor comprises a mixer, a mixing space, a reactor space, separate inlets for at least two fluid reactants and an outlet for at least one fluid product, and a reactor shell surrounding these, and wherein the mixer comprises a mixer base, at least one mixer disk with channels for a first fluid, at least one mixer disk with channels for a second fluid, a mixer closure, and a mixer lid.

A box style steam methane reformer (15) has plural sections (37), with each section having walls (27-29-31, 33) forming an interior cavity (35) and open ends (43) that communicate with the interior cavity. Each section has a feedstock supply pipe (71) and a fuel supply pipe (63) located along the top wall, as well as a syngas collection pipe (79) and a flue gas collection duct (75) located outside of the bottom wall. The pipes and ducts have ends that are aligned with each other to allow the sections to be assembled together. Burners (67) are in the interior cavity and are connected to the fuel supply pipe. Reactor tubes (59) extend through the interior cavity. Refractory members (81) are located in the interior cavity and across a slot. The spacing between the refractory members varies to control the flow of flue gas.

Provided is a continuous production apparatus and a continuous production method capable of preventing the countercurrent of evaporation components generated at the time of polymerization so that continuous solution polymerization reactions can progress reliably. A continuous production apparatus (100) includes a housing chamber (2) configured to house a plurality of reaction vessels (1a to 1d); wherein a reaction mixture is formed by subjecting monomers to a polymerization reaction in a solvent in at least one of the reaction vessels; the reaction vessels communicate with one another via a gas phase part (4); the reaction vessels are sequentially connected; the reaction mixture successively moves to each of the reaction vessels; and the housing chamber includes a baffle (9) configured to narrow the cross-sectional area of the gas phase part at the boundary between at least one pair of adjacent reaction vessels or in the vicinity of the boundary.

This invention relates to processes and systems for converting acyclic hydrocarbons to alkenes, cyclic hydrocarbons and/or aromatics, for example converting acyclic C.sub.5 hydrocarbons to cyclopentadiene in a reactor system. The process includes heating an electrically-conductive reaction zone by applying an electrical current to the first electrically-conductive reaction zone; and contacting a feedstock comprising acyclic hydrocarbons with a catalyst material in the electrically-conductive reaction zone under reaction conditions to convert at least a portion of the acyclic hydrocarbons to an effluent comprising alkenes, cyclic hydrocarbons, and/or aromatics.

Provided is a continuous production apparatus and a continuous production method capable of preventing the countercurrent of evaporation components generated at the time of polymerization so that continuous solution polymerization reactions can progress reliably. A continuous production apparatus (100) includes a housing chamber (2) configured to house a plurality of reaction vessels (1a to 1d); wherein a reaction mixture is formed by subjecting monomers to a polymerization reaction in a solvent in at least one of the reaction vessels; the reaction vessels communicate with one another via a gas phase part (4); the reaction vessels are sequentially connected; the reaction mixture successively moves to each of the reaction vessels; and the housing chamber includes a baffle (9) configured to narrow the cross-sectional area of the gas phase part at the boundary between at least one pair of adjacent reaction vessels or in the vicinity of the boundary.

The invention relates to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a compact version. A compact reactor comprises a housing, rectangular reaction channels inside the housing, which are filled with a cobalt catalyst, synthesis gas injection nozzles in the number determined by the ratio of the number of channels to the number of synthesis gas injection nozzles, an input and output nozzle for heat transfer medium on which a pressure controller installed, and an assembly for withdrawing synthetic hydrocarbons. The cobalt catalyst is activated by passing hydrogen through it. Synthetic hydrocarbons are produced by passing synthesis gas through the reaction channels filled with the activated cobalt catalyst. The space velocity of synthesis gas is increased every 300-500 h, followed by returning to the initial process conditions. This provides a high-molecular-weight hydrocarbon output per unit mass of the reactor.

A low cost and versatile plate reactor is capable of producing exothermic reactions under a wide variety of conditions using a wide variety of materials. The reactor design can be used to test various combinations of materials and triggers for exothermic reactions quickly. The reactor design can be used for solid-state materials, wet-cells/electrolytic materials, plasmas, and gases. The design will work with nanoparticles, solid materials, materials plated to a reactor wall, heavy water, or other liquid materials, and gases.