The present invention relates to a novel chiral phase-transfer catalyst, and a method for preparing an alpha-amino acid by using the same. According to the present invention, an alpha-amino acid of high optical purity could be synthesized in a high yield under an easy industrially applicable reaction condition by using a novel cinchona alkaloid compound as a chiral phase-transfer catalyst, and thus the present invention can be used as a key technique of the asymmetric alpha-amino acid synthesis and preparation field.

We provide a process for regenerating a used acidic ionic liquid catalyst which has been deactivated by conjunct polymers in a reactor, by removing at least 57 wt % of the conjunct polymers originally present in the used acidic ionic liquid catalyst in a separate regeneration reactor, so as to increase the activity of the catalyst. We also provide a regenerated used acidic ionic liquid catalyst having increased activity.

A process for injecting an immiscible liquid stream comprising a co-catalyst for a hydrocarbon conversion into a larger liquid stream that is an ionic liquid catalyst for the hydrocarbon conversion, comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills in an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system to the one or more injection quills in a solvent flushing system, fluidly connected downstream from the additive delivery system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. continuously injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills.

The present application describes process for preparing an ortho-allylated hydroxy aryl compounds such as compounds of Formula (1) by reacting an allylic alcohol with a hydroxy aryl compound in the presence of aluminum compound selected from alumina and aluminum alkoxides and in a non-protic solvent wherein at least one carbon atom ortho to the hydroxy group in the hydroxy aryl compound is unsubstituted. The present application also includes compounds of Formula (1).

##STR00001##

Chemical processes are disclosed that react iron tetracarbonyl dichloride with an alkyl phosphate producing carbon monoxide and a compound represented by the formula FeCl.sub.2(O?P(OR).sub.3).sub.n where n is an integer. Simultaneously or subsequently an alkene with carbon tetrachloride may be reacted in the presence of the compound represented by the formula FeCl.sub.2(O?P(OR).sub.3).sub.n where n is an integer to produce a chlorinated hydrocarbon.

The present disclosure provides tri-orthoalkylphenyl phosphine catalysts of formula I ##STR00001## wherein A is CH2, CO, or NR.sup.A; R.sup.1 is aryl, heteroaryl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, wherein aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted; R.sup.2 is H, (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkoxy, N(R.sup.A).sub.2, or an electron withdrawing group; and each R.sup.A is independently H or (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl; that are tuned electrically and sterically.

Ferrocenyl-based unsymmetrical ligands containing di(1-adamantyl)phosphino groups with general formula, Fc(Ad.sub.2P) (R.sub.2P) and corresponding metal complexes, include metal halide complexes, N-biphenyl metal cationic complexes and R-allyl metal cationic complexes, useful in catalysis. The ligands and complexes overcome problems with conventional catalysts, providing new routes to previously challenging cross-coupling reactions, including CP coupling, C.sub.sp2C.sub.sp3 coupling and other conventional cross-coupling applications, while being scalable so that they can be provided in sufficient quantity and purity for industrial applications.

Provided is a material that, when compared with SAPd, exhibits the similar activity in cross-coupling (CC) reactions, can decrease the amount of catalytic metal that is mixed into the reaction product, and increases the number of times use can be repeated. Provided are a catalyst and a catalyst precursor that use a catalytic metal other than Pd and that exhibit the CC reaction activity similar to when Pd is used. Provided are a catalyst and a catalyst precursor that exhibit the similar CC reaction activity when using Pd or a catalytic metal other than Pd, without using a carrier such as metal and without using piranha solution. A composite wherein catalytic metal nanoparticles are dispersed in a continuous phase comprising a polymer having C2-6 alkylene group units and phenylene group units (an alkylene group unit being bonded to at least the first and fourth position of the phenylene group unit). The particle diameter of the catalytic metal nanoparticles is at most 20 nm. A composite structure including a substrate, and the aforementioned composite provided to the surface of the substrate. A method for manufacturing the composite structure by dehydrocondensating, in the presence of a catalytic metal compound, a benzene compound having at least two alkyl groups (two of the alkyl groups being at the first and fourth position) in order to form the composite on the substrate surface.

An integrated system comprising: a. an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum that feeds an immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills; b. a solvent flushing system, comprising one or more additive addition lines that transfer the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system; and c. an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills, wherein the immiscible liquid stream is injected into a larger liquid stream. Also, a process comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream to a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the transfer drum to injection quills in a solvent flushing system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising injection quills.

The present invention relates in part to the unexpected discovery of novel complexes capable of catalyzing the selective dehydrogenative coupling of olefins. The invention further relates to the use of these complexes for the selective coupling of olefins.