Disclosed herein are processes and systems that utilize olefin cross metathesis of triglycerides to produce jet fuel such as hydrocarbons with carbons numbers from C9 to C16. Jet range hydrocarbons may include paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics with carbon numbers from 9 to 16 (C9-C16), and isomers thereof. The process described herein is versatile and may be suitable for producing jet range hydrocarbons from many different grades and sources of triglycerides. Further, the process described herein may be selective to jet range hydrocarbons which may result in increased yield as compared to hydrocracking or other processes for producing jet range hydrocarbons from triglycerides.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for metathesizing a first alkenyl or alkynyl group with a second alkenyl or alkynyl group, the composition comprising a ruthenium metathesis catalyst and a photoredox catalyst that is activated by visible light.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass an organoruthenium compound of the formula (I) or formula (II):

##STR00001##

Wherein X, L, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are as defined herein. Also disclosed herein are the use of organoruthenium compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as (pre)catalysts for the olefin metathesis reactions, as well as to the process for carrying out the olefin metathesis reaction.

The invention relates to a method of forming an olefin from a first olefin and a second olefin in a metathesis reaction, comprising step (i): (i) reacting the first olefin with the second olefin in the presence of a compound that catalyzes said metathesis reaction such that the molar ratio of said compound to the first or the second olefin is from 1:500 or less, and the conversion of the first or the second olefin to said olefin is at least 50%, characterized in that as compound that catalyzes said metathesis reaction a compound of the following formula is used: ##STR00001## wherein M is Mo or W; R.sup.1 is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, or heteroalkyl; optionally substituted; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 can be the same or different and are hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; optionally substituted; R.sup.5 is alkyl, alkoxy, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, silylalkyl, silyloxy, optionally substituted; and R.sup.4 is a residue R.sup.6—X—, wherein X═O and R.sup.6 is aryl, optionally substituted; or X═S and R.sup.6 is aryl, optionally substituted; or X═O and R.sup.6 is (R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9)Si; wherein R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 are alkyl or phenyl, optionally substituted; or X═O and R.sup.6 is (R.sup.10, R.sup.11, R.sup.12)C, wherein R.sup.10, R.sup.11, R.sup.12 are independently selected from phenyl, alkyl; optionally substituted; and to the catalysts used in the method.

In a ruthenium complex compound according to the present invention, an NHC ligand has an excellent electron-donating ability to stabilize methylidene species due to the steric interaction between substituents having relatively different sizes. The ruthenium complex compound can improve selectivity when used as a catalyst due to having an asymmetric structure, and the activity of the ruthenium complex compound can be improved by adjusting substituents and additives. Accordingly, the ruthenium complex compound can be used as a catalyst in cross metathesis reactions including ethenolysis to produce desired compounds such as linear α-olefins at high yield, even under relatively mild conditions.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass an organoruthenium compound of the formula (I) or formula (II): ##STR00001##
Wherein X, L, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are as defined herein. Also disclosed herein are the use of organoruthenium compound of the formula (I) or formula (II) as (pre)catalysts for the olefin metathesis reactions, as well as to the process for carrying out the olefin metathesis reaction.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass a two component composition containing in one component a latent organo-ruthenium carbide catalyst, and in another component a photoactive acid generator or a thermally active acid generator, and either of the components containing a mixture of photoactive compound along with one or more monomers which undergo ring open metathesis polymerization (ROMP) when said components are mixed together and exposed to a suitable radiation (or heat) to form a three-dimensional (3D) object. The three-dimensional objects so formed exhibits improved mechanical properties, particularly, high heat distortion temperature, impact strength, elongation to break, among others. Accordingly, compositions of this invention are useful as 3D inkjet materials for forming high impact strength objects of various sizes with microscale features lower than 100 microns, among various other uses.

The invention provides a new process for producing ruthenium complexes represented by the Formula 1. Invention provides also the use of ruthenium complexes represented by the Formula 1 as precatalysts and/or catalysts in olefin metathesis reactions.

Described herein are compositions and methods for processing photopolymers based on olefin metathesis. The compositions and methods comprise latent ruthenium complexes and photoacids and/or photoacid generators.

Methods for preparation of olefins, including 8- and 11-unsaturated monoenes and polyenes, via transition metathesis-based synthetic routes are described. Metathesis reactions in the methods are catalyzed by transition metal catalysts including tungsten-, molybdenum-, and ruthenium-based catalysts. The olefins include insect pheromones useful in a number of agricultural applications.