A process is disclosed for producing ethanol, comprising contacting acetic acid and hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder, a mixed oxide, and at least two promoter metals comprising ruthenium and bismuth. The mixed oxide preferably also comprises cobalt and tin.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing catalyst used for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride. The method is mixing a slurry mainly containing boron and chromium with a slurry mainly containing copper, boron, alkali-metal elements, rare-earth elements, aluminum sol, silica sol, carrier and optionally other metal elements, the mixing temperature being not more than 100 C., and the residence time being not more than 120 minutes, the mixed slurry is successively treated with spray drying, high temperature calcination, so that the catalyst is obtained. The present invention also relates to the catalyst prepared through the method, use of the catalyst used in the process of preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride and a method for preparing chlorine by using the catalyst. The catalyst is used for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen or air in fluidized bed reactor.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing catalyst used for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride. The method is mixing a slurry mainly containing boron and chromium with a slurry mainly containing copper, boron, alkali-metal elements, rare-earth elements, aluminum sol, silica sol, carrier and optionally other metal elements, the mixing temperature being not more than 100 C., and the residence time being not more than 120 minutes, the mixed slurry is successively treated with spray drying, high temperature calcination, so that the catalyst is obtained. The present invention also relates to the catalyst prepared through the method, use of the catalyst used in the process of preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride and a method for preparing chlorine by using the catalyst. The catalyst is used for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen or air in fluidized bed reactor.

Provided are a catalyst for methane reformation and a method for manufacturing the same, wherein the catalyst includes a porous metal support; a primary coating layer provided on the porous metal support; and a secondary coating layer provided on the primary coating layer, wherein the primary coating layer includes a perovskite-based compound having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 65% or greater compared to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the porous metal support, the secondary coating layer includes a perovskite-based catalyst particle and a perovskite-based binder, and the perovskite-based catalyst particle and the perovskite-based binder each independently include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1,

Sr.sub.1-xA.sub.xTi.sub.1-yB.sub.yO.sub.3-[Chemical Formula 1] wherein all the variables are described herein.

Provided is a method of decomposing a crosslinked rubber that includes: a first decomposition step of decomposing a crosslinked rubber containing a diene rubber, using a catalyst represented by the following general formula (1), (2), or (3), where M is ruthenium, molybdenum, or the like, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, and L.sup.3 each independently represent a ligand, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 each independently represent hydrogen, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, or the like (these groups may be substituted by one or more alkyl groups, halogens, alkoxy groups, or the like), L.sup.1 and L.sup.2, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, and L.sup.1 and R.sup.1 may respectively bond with each other to form rings; and a second decomposition step of pyrolyzing a decomposition product obtained by the first decomposition step at a temperature of 300 C. to 950 C. in the presence of a catalyst.

In general, disclosed herein are methods for forming hydrogen by use of an ammonia decomposition catalyst system. For instance, a method can include contacting a catalyst system with an ammonia source at a temperature of about 450 C. or lower. The catalyst systems can include a support material and a trimetallic catalyst component carried on the support material and within a reactor. Disclosed catalyst systems can decompose ammonia at relatively low temperatures and can provide an efficient and cost-effective route to utilization of ammonia as a carbon-free hydrogen storage and generation material.

The present invention relates to a catalyst reaction method in which in a catalyst reaction using at least one catalyst selected from the group consisting of a metal complex represented by the general formula (1A) described in the specification, a tautomer or stereoisomer of the metal complex, and a salt of the metal complex or the tautomer or stereoisomer, a ligand represented by the general formula (1B) described in the specification is used in such a manner that a ratio of a substance amount of the ligand to a substance amount of the catalyst in a reaction system is greater than 0 to 15.

The present invention provides an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst, wherein the oxygen evolution reaction catalyst is an oxide material comprising iridium, tantalum and ruthenium: wherein the oxygen evolution catalyst comprises a crystalline oxide phase having the rutile crystal structure; wherein the crystalline oxide phase has a lattice parameter a of greater than 4.510 .

The present invention provides an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst, wherein the oxygen evolution reaction catalyst is an oxide material comprising iridium, tantalum and ruthenium: wherein the oxygen evolution catalyst comprises a crystalline oxide phase having the rutile crystal structure; wherein the crystalline oxide phase has a lattice parameter a of greater than 4.510 .

The present invention discloses a metal-catalyzed process for hydration of nitrile under the influence of the ultrasonic cavitation effect. The present invention further discloses a catalyst of formula (I), wherein the catalyst is used for process for hydration of nitrile and process for preparation thereof.
A.sub.XB.sub.YC.sub.Z Formula (I)