The present disclosure relates to yolk-shell structured catalysts having compositions that can be particularly useful in the dry reforming of methane. These catalysts can demonstrate long-term stability that would be an advantage in industrial applications such as mitigating fossil fuel plant emissions. Example catalysts can include a yolk containing nickel (Ni) or nickel oxide (NiO), platinum (Pt) or platinum oxide (PtO.sub.2), and a third material (M3) such as a cerium oxide (CeO.sub.x). The shell can be formed of a ceramic such as silica and is generally a porous material that can support the yolk.

The present disclosure relates to yolk-shell structured catalysts having compositions that can be particularly useful in the dry reforming of methane. These catalysts can demonstrate long-term stability that would be an advantage in industrial applications such as mitigating fossil fuel plant emissions. Example catalysts can include a yolk containing nickel (Ni) or nickel oxide (NiO), platinum (Pt) or platinum oxide (PtO.sub.2), and a third material (M3) such as a cerium oxide (CeO.sub.x). The shell can be formed of a ceramic such as silica and is generally a porous material that can support the yolk.

The present disclosure provides processes for the purification of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The present disclosure further provides crystalline preparations of purified FDCA, as well as processes for making the same. In addition, the present disclosure provides mixtures used in processes for the purification of FDCA.

The present disclosure provides processes for the purification of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The present disclosure further provides crystalline preparations of purified FDCA, as well as processes for making the same. In addition, the present disclosure provides mixtures used in processes for the purification of FDCA.

An after treatment method is disclosed. The after treatment method may include: operating an engine at a lean air/fuel ratio; calculating an amount of NH.sub.3 stored in an SCR catalyst; calculating an amount of NOx which will flow into the SCR catalyst; determining whether conversion to a rich air/fuel ratio is desired; calculating, when the conversion to the rich air/fuel ratio is desired, a rich duration for which the rich air/fuel ratio is maintained and a target air/fuel ratio; and operating the engine at the target air/fuel ratio for the rich duration.

An after treatment method is disclosed. The after treatment method may include: operating an engine at a lean air/fuel ratio; calculating an amount of NH.sub.3 stored in an SCR catalyst; calculating an amount of NOx which will flow into the SCR catalyst; determining whether conversion to a rich air/fuel ratio is desired; calculating, when the conversion to the rich air/fuel ratio is desired, a rich duration for which the rich air/fuel ratio is maintained and a target air/fuel ratio; and operating the engine at the target air/fuel ratio for the rich duration.

Systems and methods of synthesizing nanoparticles on substrates using rapid, high temperature thermal shock. A method involves depositing micro-sized particles or salt precursors on a substrate, and applying a rapid, high temperature thermal shock to the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors to become nanoparticles on the substrate. A system may include a rotatable member that receives a roll of a substrate sheet having micro-sized particles or salt precursors; a motor that rotates the rotatable member so as to unroll the substrate; and a thermal energy source that applies a short, high temperature thermal shock to the substrate. The nanoparticles may be metallic, ceramic, inorganic, semiconductor, or compound nanoparticles. The substrate may be a carbon-based substrate, a conducting substrate, or a non-conducting substrate. The high temperature thermal shock process may be enabled by electrical Joule heating, microwave heating, thermal radiative heating, plasma heating, or laser heating.

Systems and methods of synthesizing nanoparticles on substrates using rapid, high temperature thermal shock. A method involves depositing micro-sized particles or salt precursors on a substrate, and applying a rapid, high temperature thermal shock to the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors to become nanoparticles on the substrate. A system may include a rotatable member that receives a roll of a substrate sheet having micro-sized particles or salt precursors; a motor that rotates the rotatable member so as to unroll the substrate; and a thermal energy source that applies a short, high temperature thermal shock to the substrate. The nanoparticles may be metallic, ceramic, inorganic, semiconductor, or compound nanoparticles. The substrate may be a carbon-based substrate, a conducting substrate, or a non-conducting substrate. The high temperature thermal shock process may be enabled by electrical Joule heating, microwave heating, thermal radiative heating, plasma heating, or laser heating.

A NO.sub.x adsorber catalyst and its use in an emission treatment system for internal combustion engines, is disclosed. The NO.sub.x adsorber catalyst comprises a first layer consisting essentially of a support material, one or more platinum group metals disposed on the support material, and a NO.sub.x storage material.

A NO.sub.x adsorber catalyst and its use in an emission treatment system for internal combustion engines, is disclosed. The NO.sub.x adsorber catalyst comprises a first layer consisting essentially of a support material, one or more platinum group metals disposed on the support material, and a NO.sub.x storage material.