Embodiments include a system that may include a reactor including a reaction zone and a gas release zone separated by a selectively permeable membrane, wherein the selectively permeable membrane permits hydrogen to pass through the membrane and substantially blocks a substrate and its dehydrogenative coupling product from passing through the membrane. Embodiments further include a method of producing a dehydrogenative coupling product, wherein the method may include exposing a substrate to a catalyst in a reaction zone of a reactor; coupling the substrate to form the dehydrogenative coupling product and hydrogen; and separating the hydrogen from the dehydrogenative coupling product using a selectively permeable membrane and passing the hydrogen to a gas release zone of the reactor.

A cyclopropanation method includes reacting an alcohol, an ester, or an aldehyde with a sulfone in an organic solvent containing a base providing a counter cation to form a cyclopropane; and isolating the cyclopropane. When using the alcohol or ester, the organic solvent further contains a catalyst having an alcohol dehydrogenation activity.

This invention relates generally to olefin metathesis catalysts, to the preparation of such compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, methods of using such compounds, and the use of such compounds in the metathesis of olefins and in the synthesis of related olefin metathesis catalysts. The invention has utility in the fields of catalysis, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and in industrial applications such as oil and gas, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

The subject matter of the invention is the use of a ruthenium complex of the formula 1, wherein the individual substituents have meanings as indicated in the olefin metathesis reactions description, including a reaction selected from such as ring-closing metathesis (RCM), homometathesis (self-CM) or cross metathesis (CM).

##STR00001##

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing a fluorine-containing methylene compound. The above object can be achieved by a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 represents an organic group, R.sup.A represents hydrogen or fluorine, R.sup.4a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.4b represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5b represents hydrogen or an organic group, and R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or an organic group; R.sup.2 is optionally connected to R.sup.4a to form a ring; the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein X.sup.1 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, with a compound represented by formula (3):

##STR00003##

wherein X.sup.2 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, in the presence of a reducing agent as desired, under light irradiation.

Low molecular weight, high Tg resins, with applications including tire additives and adhesives. An oligomer is obtained by ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a sterically encumbered cyclic monomer with an olefinic chain transfer agent. The sterically encumbered cyclic monomer and the olefinic chain transfer agent are present in the polymerization at a molar ratio of from 2:1 to about 40:1. Also, methods for making the oligomer by ROMP.

Low molecular weight, high Tg resins, with applications including tire additives and adhesives. An oligomer is obtained by ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a sterically encumbered cyclic monomer with an olefinic chain transfer agent. The sterically encumbered cyclic monomer and the olefinic chain transfer agent are present in the polymerization at a molar ratio of from 2:1 to about 40:1. Also, methods for making the oligomer by ROMP.

Subject of the invention is a process for producing a biofuel from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils, comprising the steps of (a) ethenolysis of the fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of ethylene and an ethenolysis catalyst, and (b) isomerizing metathesis in the presence of an isomerization catalyst and a metathesis catalyst. The invention also relates to biofuels obtainable by the inventive process and to uses of ethylene for adjusting and optimizing biofuels.

Provided herein are transition metal complexes that are useful in the acceptorless dehydrogenation of various substrates, including alkanes. Also provided are methods of dehydrogenating substrates to provide unsaturated products such as olefins.

The invention relates to a process for preparing optically active 2-aryl substituted 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridin-7-ols comprising asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of the corresponding ketones in presence of a ruthenium catalyst comprising a chiral diamine or amino alcohol ligand.