It is provided in a liquid application system for applying liquid to a material cake transported on a conveyor device having a liquid application device, that the conveyor device comprises a porous section on which the material cake lies or which the material cake contacts and which is permeable for a liquid to be applied, that the liquid application device comprises an application device via which the liquid to be applied can be applied to the side of the porous section of the conveyor device facing away from the material cake, and that the liquid application device comprises an overpressure chamber having a first overpressure relative to the environment by which the porous section of the conveyor device passes, wherein the applied liquid can be transported via the first overpressure through the porous section of the conveyor device or held via the first overpressure to the porous section.

The present invention provides a method for forming an oxide film by which normal formation of an oxide film is always achieved without receiving an influence of a change in the atmosphere, a metal oxide film having a low resistance can be formed, and a high efficiency of film formation is obtained. In the present invention, a raw material solution containing an alkyl compound is formed into a mist and ejected to a substrate (100) in the atmosphere. Additionally, an oxidizing agent that exerts an oxidizing effect on the alkyl compound is supplied to the mist of the raw material solution. Through the above-described processes, an oxide film is formed on the substrate in the present invention.

A method for uniformly forming a nickel-metal alloy catalyst in a fuel electrode of a solid oxide electrolysis cell is provided. Specifically, before the nickel-metal alloy catalyst is formed, a metal oxide is uniformly distributed on nickel oxide contained in the fuel electrode through infiltration of a metal oxide precursor solution and hydrolysis of urea.

A method for uniformly forming a nickel-metal alloy catalyst in a fuel electrode of a solid oxide electrolysis cell is provided.

Specifically, before the nickel-metal alloy catalyst is formed, a metal oxide is uniformly distributed on nickel oxide contained in the fuel electrode through infiltration of a metal oxide precursor solution and hydrolysis of urea.

A heat shielding material and method for manufacturing thereof is provided. The method for manufacturing the heat shielding material, includes: providing a tungsten oxide precursor solution containing a group VIIIB metal element; drying the tungsten oxide precursor solution to form a dried tungsten oxide precursor; and subjecting the dried tungsten oxide precursor to a reducing gas at a temperature of 100 C. to 500 C. to form a composite tungsten oxide. The heat shielding material includes composite tungsten oxide doped with a group I A or II A metal and halogen, represented by M.sub.xWO.sub.y or M.sub.xWO.sub.yA.sub.z, wherein M refers to at least one of a group I A or II A metal, W refers to tungsten, O refers to oxygen, and A refers to a halogen element. The heat shielding material also includes a group VIIIB metal element.

Roofing granules comprising base particles coated with a paint composition and treated with carbon dioxide gas, and building materials, such as roofing shingles, that include such roofing granules. The roofing granules are prepared from base particles comprising rocks, minerals, and/or agglomerated inorganic material. The roofing granules are painted and thereafter cured by being exposed to carbon dioxide gas. The treatment with carbon dioxide gas results in a painted roofing granule that is resilient to weathering forces.

Hybrid pre-patterns were prepared for directed self-assembly of a given block copolymer capable of forming a lamellar domain pattern. The hybrid pre-patterns have top surfaces comprising independent elevated surfaces interspersed with adjacent recessed surfaces. The elevated surfaces are neutral wetting to the domains formed by self-assembly. Material below the elevated surfaces has greater etch-resistance than material below the recessed surfaces in a given etch process. Following other dimensional constraints of the hybrid pre-pattern described herein, a layer of the given block copolymer was formed on the hybrid pre-pattern. Self-assembly of the layer produced a lamellar domain pattern comprising self-aligned, unidirectional, perpendicularly oriented lamellae over the elevated surfaces, and parallel and/or perpendicularly oriented lamellae over recessed surfaces. The domain patterns displayed long range order along the major axis of the pre-pattern. The lamellar domain patterns are useful in forming transfer patterns comprising two-dimensional customized features.

A negative tone pattern is formed by coating a resist composition onto a substrate, prebaking to form a resist film, exposing the resist film to high-energy radiation, PEB the resist film in a high-humidity environment, and developing the resist film in an organic solvent developer. PEB in a high-humidity environment is effective for reducing the shrinkage of the resist film during the step and thus preventing the trench pattern from deformation.

A low friction wear surface with a coefficient of friction in the superlubric regime including graphene and nanoparticles on the wear surface is provided, and methods of producing the low friction wear surface are also provided. A long lifetime wear resistant surface including graphene exposed to hydrogen is provided, including methods of increasing the lifetime of graphene containing wear surfaces by providing hydrogen to the wear surface.

One variation of a method for fabricating a dermal heatsink includes: fabricating a substrate defining an interior surface, an exterior surface opposite the interior surface, and an open network of pores extending between the interior surface and the exterior surface; activating surfaces of the substrate and walls of the open network of pores; applying a coating over the substrate to form a heatsink, the coating comprising a porous, hydrophilic material and defining a void network; removing an excess of the coating from the substrate to clear blockages within the open network of pores by the coating; hydrating the heatsink during a curing period; heating the heatsink during the curing period to increase porosity of the coating applied over surfaces of the substrate; and rinsing the heatsink with an acid to decarbonate the coating along walls of the open network of pores in the substrate.