Monitoring of a line system (1) in which a liquid medium (3) is guided in a line (2). The current pressure of the liquid medium (3) in the line (2) and in the associated current flow are sensed at sensing times. The two values are fed to a computing unit (5). The computing unit (5) calculates a theoretical flow of the liquid medium (3) in the line (2) from the sensed current pressure by taking into account a specified flow function. The flow function describes a physical relationship between the theoretical flow of the liquid medium (3) and the current pressure of the liquid medium (3). The computing unit (5) determines an individual degree of clogging on the basis of the current flow and the theoretical flow. On the basis of a number of determined individual degrees of clogging and by using stochastic methods, the computing unit (5) calculates an interval within which a degree of clogging of the line system (1) lies with a probability to be defined. The line system (1) is monitored by using the size of the interval and/or the position of the interval with respect to first limits for the degree of clogging that are defined beforehand.

An R, R, C method and equipment for continuously casting amorphous, ultra-microcrystalline, microcrystalline and the like, metal profiles is provided. A working chamber of an exhaust hood with a powerful exhaust hood, and a working cold source of liquid nitrogen at a temperature of t=190 C. and a pressure of p=1.877 bar are used. The working chamber of exhaust hood is located at the outlet of hot mold, and only air is contained therein in addition to slabs or profiles that are pulled out, without any device or equipment. A traction mechanism pulls metal slabs or profiles out from the outlet of cross section of hot mold. A liquid nitrogen ejector ejects liquid nitrogen to the metal slabs or profiles of different brands and specifications at a liquid nitrogen ejection volume of liquid nitrogen V, an ejection speed of liquid nitrogen K and a thickness of liquid nitrogen ejection layer h.

The present invention relates to a water-cooled handling roll (100) for handling a load (50), in particular a thin slab, in a furnace for temperature heating, maintaining and for buffering, arranged between casting and roughing, in a continuous casting and rolling process for thin carbon steel slabs. The roll (100) comprises a first internally hollow shaft (110), which is coated by an insulating and/or refractory material and a plurality of wheels (25) connected in stably fixed manner to an outermost surface (111) of the first shaft (110) to handle and support the load (50). According to the invention, the roll (100) also comprises a second shaft (120) arranged within an inner cavity of the first shaft (110) in position coaxial to the first shaft (110) and so as to define a gap (30) between the first shaft (110) and said second shaft (120). The roll (100) further comprises cooling water circulation means housed at least in part within said second shaft (120).

A preparation method for preparing cooling water which aims to reproduce a target cooling water by using at least two aqueous solutions selected from an industrial water solution, a cationic ion exchange resin-treated water solution, a demineralized water solution and an aqueous solution containing Mg.sup.2+ and Ca.sup.2+ ions; a casting method using the cooling water obtained according to the preparation method; and a casting device (100) including the preparation device.

The invention provides rotating a submerged nozzle during casting to arbitrarily change the discharge angle of molten metal, causing the molten metal in the mold for slab to be rotated and stirred. A slab continuous casting apparatus according to the invention supplies molten metal from a tundish to a water-cooled mold for slab through at least an upper nozzle, a slide valve and a submerged nozzle and solidified the molten metal and provided with a submerged-nozzle quick replacement mechanism. The slab continuous casting apparatus further includes a discharge-direction changing mechanism capable of arbitrarily changing discharge angle of the molten metal as viewed in a horizontal cross section, during casting, the discharge-direction changing mechanism being provided between a slide valve device for opening and closing the slide valve and the submerged nozzle.

A steel continuous-casting machine including: a cooling apparatus that is configured to cool cast steel with water, wherein: the cooling apparatus includes a plurality of cooling-water-discharging nozzles configured to be arranged in a width direction of the cast steel, and the plurality of cooling-water-discharging nozzles are configured to be arranged such that spray discharge surfaces of adjacent cooling-water-discharging nozzles of the plurality of cooling-water-discharging nozzles that are adjacent to each other in the width direction of the cast steel do not overlap.

An aluminum alloy ingot contains Cu: 0.15 mass % or more and 1.0 mass % or less, Mg: 0.6 mass % or more and 1.2 mass % or less, Si: 0.95 mass % or more and 1.35 mass % or less, Mn: 0.4 mass % or more and 0.6 mass % or less, Fe: 0.15 mass % or more and 0.70 mass % or less, Cr: 0.09 mass % or more and 0.25 mass % or less, and Ti: 0.012 mass % or more and 0.035 mass % or less, with the remainder being made up of Al and unavoidable impurities, and in the aluminum alloy ingot, a difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of secondary dendrite arm spacing in a cross section perpendicular to a casting direction of the aluminum alloy ingot is in a range of 5 m or more and 20 m or less.