Monitoring of a line system (1) in which a liquid medium (3) is guided in a line (2). The current pressure of the liquid medium (3) in the line (2) and in the associated current flow are sensed at sensing times. The two values are fed to a computing unit (5). The computing unit (5) calculates a theoretical flow of the liquid medium (3) in the line (2) from the sensed current pressure by taking into account a specified flow function. The flow function describes a physical relationship between the theoretical flow of the liquid medium (3) and the current pressure of the liquid medium (3). The computing unit (5) determines an individual degree of clogging on the basis of the current flow and the theoretical flow. On the basis of a number of determined individual degrees of clogging and by using stochastic methods, the computing unit (5) calculates an interval within which a degree of clogging of the line system (1) lies with a probability to be defined. The line system (1) is monitored by using the size of the interval and/or the position of the interval with respect to first limits for the degree of clogging that are defined beforehand.

The present invention is a secondary cooling method and a secondary cooling device for a casting product casted in a continuous casting machine, the continuous casting machine including, in a secondary cooling zone below a mold, a plurality of pairs of support rolls that support the casting product from both sides of the casting product in a thickness direction, a cooling device being disposed between support rolls adjacent to each other along a casting direction of the continuous casting machine, the cooling device including a coolant pipe that supplies a coolant, and a coolant guide plate with a flat plate shape for spreading the coolant on the casting product, the coolant guide plate being disposed parallel to and spaced in a perpendicular direction from a surface of the casting product. The coolant is supplied from a coolant supply port provided in the coolant guide plate to a gap between the casting product surface and the coolant guide plate, and the casting product is cooled using the coolant mainly in a transition boiling region.

A method for setting a conicity of a die of a strand casting installation during a casting procedure, including the steps of: measuring temperature values along a centric measuring path running in a casting direction along an adjustably disposed die wall; measuring temperature values along a peripheral measuring path running in a casting direction along the adjustably disposed die wall, wherein the peripheral measuring path runs between the centric measuring path and a lateral periphery of the die wall, and a spacing of the peripheral measuring path from the lateral periphery of the die wall is smaller than a spacing of the centric measuring path from the other lateral periphery of the die wall; determining a centric temperature distribution curve along the centric measuring path from the temperature values measured along the centric measuring path; determining a peripheral temperature distribution curve along the peripheral measuring path from the temperature values measured along the peripheral measuring path; determining a first area under the centric temperature distribution curve, and a second area under the peripheral temperature distribution curve; determining a difference between the second area and the first area; and setting the conicity of the die taking into account the difference.

A method of manufacturing a round steel billet by continuous casting includes a local cooling step where inhomogeneous forced cooling is applied to a cast product during the continuous casting, and a rolling reduction step where rolling reduction is applied to the cast product in the opposite directions of the polar opposites by reduction rolls in the course from the completion of solidification to the completion of the recuperation of the cast product so that rolling reduction r which is a reduction ratio of a distance between middle points of the polar opposites is set to a value exceeding 0% and 5% or less.

Provided is an online cooperative control method for soft reduction and heavy reduction in bloom continuous casting. A quantitative relationship of a theoretical ultimate reduction amount to a reduction position is accurately determined according to an offline three-dimensional solidification and heat transfer model for a continuous casting bloom and a three-dimensional reduction model for a continuous casting bloom under thermo-mechanical coupling; a thermal state of a continuous casting bloom, soft reduction and heavy reduction zones, and a total reduction amount are calculated in real time with an online three-dimensional solidification and heat transfer calculation model for a continuous casting bloom; actual reduction amounts of the rollers for soft reduction and heavy reduction are calculated and distributed online based on a real-time equivalent central solid fraction and a theoretical ultimate reduction amount of each reduction roller. Online cooperative control of soft reduction and heavy reduction in bloom continuous casting is realized.

A strand guide device serves to deflect a freshly cast strand, typically made of metal, into the horizontal. During the deflection, the cast strand passes through a cooling chamber 1 inside the strand guide device 2, in which it is sprayed with a coolant 33, with the formation of steam 5. The steam forms at least a steam-air mixture 5 with sucked-in secondary air, which is sucked out of the cooling chamber by a suction device 20. In order to reduce the pollutant content of the sucked-in and sucked-off steam-air mixture 5 and its emission into the environment, pollutants, primarily dust, located in the steam-air mixture 5 are depleted by a separator 6, 6.

A method and apparatus for measuring quench characteristics of a fluid. The apparatus includes a probe with an energy input device electrically connected to a display unit to monitor temperature, media flow characteristics and media heat transfer characteristics. The method includes continuously measuring thermal energy transfer in a quenching media by measuring the surrounding fluid's heat transfer relative to input probe energy.

An in-mold solidified shell thickness estimation apparatus includes: an input device; a model database configured to store a model formula and a parameter related to a solidification reaction of a molten steel inside a mold of a continuous casting facility; and a heat transfer model calculator configured to estimate an in-mold solidified shell thickness by calculating temperature distributions of the mold and of the molten steel inside the mold by solving a three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer equation. The heat transfer model calculator is configured to correct errors in a temperature of a mold copper plate and in an amount of heat removed from the mold, by correcting an overall heat transfer coefficient between the mold copper plate and the solidified shell.

The invention relates to a method and to a spraying apparatus (10) for the thermal surface treatment of a metal product (1). The metal product (1) is conveyed in a transport direction (T) through a treatment section (12) of a spraying apparatus (10) equipped with cooling nozzles (16) while cooling fluid is discharged through the cooling nozzles (16) of the spraying apparatus (10) onto the surfaces of the metal product (1), wherein the metal product (1) hasviewed in the transport direction (T) of the metal product (1)a front section (4) and a trailing rear section (5). The cooling of the surfaces of the metal product (1) within the spraying apparatus (10) occurs in such a manner that the rear section (5) of the metal product (1) is cooled more significantly than its front section (4). It is thereby achieved that an essentially uniform ferrite content forms in the material of the metal product (1) at a predetermined depth of the same over a longitudinal area extending between the front section (4) and the rear section (5).

A method for producing a metal product, wherein in a strand casting system, liquid metal is output as a slab from a mold vertically downward in a conveying direction, is guided along a strand guide, and is deflected into the horizontal, wherein the slab is heated in a furnace or inductively downstream of the stand casting system.