A method of monitoring an additive manufacturing process according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure includes the steps of acquiring information on a temperature of a region upstream of a melt pool in a scanning direction of an energy beam, the melt pool being formed by irradiating a raw material with the energy beam, acquiring a parameter indicating a cooling rate of the region based on the information on the temperature, and determining a formation status based on the parameter.

A method of monitoring an additive manufacturing process according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure includes the steps of acquiring information on a temperature of a region upstream of a melt pool in a scanning direction of an energy beam, the melt pool being formed by irradiating a raw material with the energy beam, acquiring a parameter indicating a cooling rate of the region based on the information on the temperature, and determining a formation status based on the parameter.

A system and method for additive manufacturing are provided. The system includes a structure defining a chamber for manufacturing parts via additive manufacturing. A powder metal applicator is configured to deposit layers of powder metal material to build a part on a build platform. A laser source is configured to direct one or more laser beams onto each layer of powder metal material to fuse the powder metal material, wherein metal condensate is created by the laser beam(s) contacting the powder metal material. An element spaced apart from the layers of powder material has a temperature different than the chamber temperature, so that the element is configured to attract or repel the metal condensate by virtue of the temperature differential between the element and the chamber. The method includes using the element having the different temperature to attract or repel the metal condensate within the chamber.

Particles made from a High Speed Steel (HSS) that is modified to contain dispersed precipitations of manganese sulfide (MHSS), a Powder Metallurgy (PM) method using the same, and a part produced by the PM process using the modified HSS particles. By forming a melt of a HSS and 1) Mn or a Mn-containing compound and 2) S or an S-containing compound, followed by an atomization process, modified HSS particle can be obtained containing dispersed sulfide precipitations containing mainly manganese sulfide. The amount of Mn and S are chosen such that the weight ratio of Mn to S (Mn/S), in wt-% of the total weight of the particle, is in the range of 8.0-1.0. An article obtained by a PM manufacturing method using the particles has improved machinability as compared to a an article prepared from a corresponding non-modified HSS.

Particles made from a High Speed Steel (HSS) that is modified to contain dispersed precipitations of manganese sulfide (MHSS), a Powder Metallurgy (PM) method using the same, and a part produced by the PM process using the modified HSS particles. By forming a melt of a HSS and 1) Mn or a Mn-containing compound and 2) S or an S-containing compound, followed by an atomization process, modified HSS particle can be obtained containing dispersed sulfide precipitations containing mainly manganese sulfide. The amount of Mn and S are chosen such that the weight ratio of Mn to S (Mn/S), in wt-% of the total weight of the particle, is in the range of 8.0-1.0. An article obtained by a PM manufacturing method using the particles has improved machinability as compared to a an article prepared from a corresponding non-modified HSS.

An additive manufacturing apparatus includes a platform, a dispenser configured to deliver a plurality of successive layers of feed material onto the platform, at least one light source configured to generate a first light beam and a second light beam, a polygon minor scanner, an actuator, and a galvo minor scanner. The polygon minor scanner is configured to receive the first light beam and reflect the first light beam towards the platform. Rotation of the first polygon mirror causes the light beam to move in a first direction along a path on a layer of feed material on the platform. The actuator is configured to cause the path to move along a second direction at a non-zero angle relative to the first direction. The galvo mirror scanner system is configured to receive the second light beam and reflect the second light beam toward the platform.

An additive manufacturing apparatus includes a platform, a dispenser configured to deliver a plurality of successive layers of feed material onto the platform, at least one light source configured to generate a first light beam and a second light beam, a polygon minor scanner, an actuator, and a galvo minor scanner. The polygon minor scanner is configured to receive the first light beam and reflect the first light beam towards the platform. Rotation of the first polygon mirror causes the light beam to move in a first direction along a path on a layer of feed material on the platform. The actuator is configured to cause the path to move along a second direction at a non-zero angle relative to the first direction. The galvo mirror scanner system is configured to receive the second light beam and reflect the second light beam toward the platform.

A process for producing a W—Ni sputtering target includes providing the sputtering target with 45 to 75 wt % W and a remainder of Ni and common impurities. The sputtering target contains a Ni(W) phase, a W phase and no or less than 10% by area on average of intermetallic phases measured at a target material cross section.

A process for producing a W—Ni sputtering target includes providing the sputtering target with 45 to 75 wt % W and a remainder of Ni and common impurities. The sputtering target contains a Ni(W) phase, a W phase and no or less than 10% by area on average of intermetallic phases measured at a target material cross section.

A high-performance permanent magnet is provided. A permanent magnet expressed by a composition formula: R.sub.pFe.sub.qM.sub.rCu.sub.tCo.sub.100-p-q-r-t-. The magnet comprises a metal structure including a cell phase having a Th.sub.2Zn.sub.17 crystal phase, and a Cu-rich phase provided to divide the cell phase and having a Cu concentration higher than that of the Th.sub.2Zn.sub.17 crystal phase. An Fe concentration of the Th.sub.2Zn.sub.17 crystal phase is not less than 30 atomic % nor more than 45 atomic %. An average length of the Cu-rich phase is not less than 30 nm nor more than 250 nm.