The present invention provides an R-T-B based permanent magnet having excellent magnetic properties and corrosion resistance even when Co content is small. The R-T-B based permanent magnet in which R is a rare earth element including one or more selected from Nd and Pr and one or more selected from Dy and Tb, T is a combination of Fe and Co, and B is boron. The R-T-B based permanent magnet further includes Zr. A total content of Nd, Pr, Dy, and Tb is 30.00 mass % to 32.20 mass %, Co content is 0.30 mass % to 1.30 mass %, Zr content is 0.21 mass % to 0.85 mass %, and B content is 0.90 mass % to 1.02 mass % with respect to 100 mass % of the R-T-B based permanent magnet.

A Cu—Ga sputtering target made of a composition containing: as metal components excluding fluorine, 5 atomic % or more and 60 atomic % or less of Ga and 0.01 atomic % or more and 5 atomic % or less of K; and the Cu balance containing inevitable impurities is provided. In the Cu—Ga sputtering target, the Cu—Ga sputtering target has a region containing Cu, Ga, K, and F, in an atomic mapping image by a wavelength separation X-ray detector.

A Cu—Ga sputtering target made of a composition containing: as metal components excluding fluorine, 5 atomic % or more and 60 atomic % or less of Ga and 0.01 atomic % or more and 5 atomic % or less of K; and the Cu balance containing inevitable impurities is provided. In the Cu—Ga sputtering target, the Cu—Ga sputtering target has a region containing Cu, Ga, K, and F, in an atomic mapping image by a wavelength separation X-ray detector.

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to production of amorphous alloys having compositions of iron, chromium, molybdenum, carbon and boron for usage in additive manufacturing, such as in layer-by-layer deposition to produce multi-functional parts. Such parts demonstrate ultra-high strength without sacrificing toughness and also maintain the amorphous structure of the materials during and after manufacturing processes. An Amorphous alloy composition has a formula Fe.sub.100-(a+b+c+d)Cr.sub.aMo.sub.bC.sub.cB.sub.d, wherein a, b, c and d represent an atomic percentage, wherein: a is in the range of 10 at. % to 35 at. %; b is in the range of 10 at. % to 20 at. %; c is in the range of 2 at. % to 5 at. %; and d is in the range of 0.5% at. % to 3.5 at. %.

A BÏ2212 article may be formed by mixing metallic precursor powders including bismuth, strontium, calcium and copper in an oxygen-free atmosphere, mechanically alloying the metallic precursor powders in an oxygen-free atmosphere, and heating the metallic precursor alloy according to a temperature profile. The profile may include a ramp-up stage during which the alloy is heated to a peak temperature in an oxygen-free atmosphere, a dwell stage during which the alloy is held at the peak temperature for a dwell time, and a ramp-down stage during which the alloy is cooled from the peak temperature. During at least a portion of the dwell stage, the oxygen-free atmosphere is switched to an oxygen-inclusive atmosphere, wherein the alloy is oxidized to form a superconducting oxide, which may be sintered during or after oxidation. The alloy may be formed into a shape, such as a wire, prior to oxidizing.

A BÏ2212 article may be formed by mixing metallic precursor powders including bismuth, strontium, calcium and copper in an oxygen-free atmosphere, mechanically alloying the metallic precursor powders in an oxygen-free atmosphere, and heating the metallic precursor alloy according to a temperature profile. The profile may include a ramp-up stage during which the alloy is heated to a peak temperature in an oxygen-free atmosphere, a dwell stage during which the alloy is held at the peak temperature for a dwell time, and a ramp-down stage during which the alloy is cooled from the peak temperature. During at least a portion of the dwell stage, the oxygen-free atmosphere is switched to an oxygen-inclusive atmosphere, wherein the alloy is oxidized to form a superconducting oxide, which may be sintered during or after oxidation. The alloy may be formed into a shape, such as a wire, prior to oxidizing.

A permanent magnet of an embodiment includes: a composition represented by a composition formula: R(Fe.sub.pM.sub.qCu.sub.rCo.sub.1-p-q-r).sub.z, where R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, and relations of 0.3≦p≦0.4, 0.01≦q≦0.05, 0.01≦r≦0.1, and 7≦z≦8.5 (atomic ratio) are satisfied; and a structure including a cell phase having a Th.sub.2Zn.sub.17 crystal phase, and a cell wall phase existing to surround the cell phase. An average magnetization of the cell wall phase is 0.2 T or less.

A permanent magnet of an embodiment includes: a composition represented by a composition formula: R(Fe.sub.pM.sub.qCu.sub.rCo.sub.1-p-q-r).sub.z, where R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, and relations of 0.3≦p≦0.4, 0.01≦q≦0.05, 0.01≦r≦0.1, and 7≦z≦8.5 (atomic ratio) are satisfied; and a structure including a cell phase having a Th.sub.2Zn.sub.17 crystal phase, and a cell wall phase existing to surround the cell phase. An average magnetization of the cell wall phase is 0.2 T or less.

An alloy and method of forming the alloy are provided. The alloy includes a matrix phase, and a population of particulate phases dispersed within the matrix. The matrix includes iron and chromium; and the population includes a first subpopulation of particulate phases and a second subpopulation of particulate phases. The first subpopulation of particulate phases include a complex oxide, having a median size less than about 20 mu, and present in the alloy in a concentration from about 0. 1 volume percent to about 5 volume percent. The second subpopulation of particulate phases have a median size in a range from about 30 nm to about 10 microns, and present in the alloy in a concentration from about 1 volume percent to about 15 volume percent.

An alloy and method of forming the alloy are provided. The alloy includes a matrix phase, and a population of particulate phases dispersed within the matrix. The matrix includes iron and chromium; and the population includes a first subpopulation of particulate phases and a second subpopulation of particulate phases. The first subpopulation of particulate phases include a complex oxide, having a median size less than about 20 mu, and present in the alloy in a concentration from about 0. 1 volume percent to about 5 volume percent. The second subpopulation of particulate phases have a median size in a range from about 30 nm to about 10 microns, and present in the alloy in a concentration from about 1 volume percent to about 15 volume percent.