A pressure chamber of each of channels of an inkjet head has a non-rotating body shape around an axis perpendicular to a support substrate on which the pressure chamber is formed. The direction of the pressure chamber corresponding to a rotation angle from a reference position around the axis passing through the pressure chamber is defined as the direction of the pressure chamber. A plurality of channels arranged in a same row in a direction parallel to the substrate includes channels and having the pressure chamber facing different directions. In a same row, channels (e.g. channel 21a.sub.1) driven by a same circuit element (e.g. circuit element) are arranged such that the pressure chambers face a same direction.

A pressure chamber of each of channels of an inkjet head has a non-rotating body shape around an axis perpendicular to a support substrate on which the pressure chamber is formed. The direction of the pressure chamber corresponding to a rotation angle from a reference position around the axis passing through the pressure chamber is defined as the direction of the pressure chamber. A plurality of channels arranged in a same row in a direction parallel to the substrate includes channels and having the pressure chamber facing different directions. In a same row, channels (e.g. channel 21a.sub.1) driven by a same circuit element (e.g. circuit element) are arranged such that the pressure chambers face a same direction.

An individual identifying device includes a plurality of generation units and an imaging unit. The generation units generate a pattern on an object. The imaging unit acquires an image of the pattern in conjunction with generation of the pattern.

An individual identifying device includes a plurality of generation units and an imaging unit. The generation units generate a pattern on an object. The imaging unit acquires an image of the pattern in conjunction with generation of the pattern.

The ink jet recording method according to the invention is characterized by that at least one of an ink and a surface treatment agent contains a resin that melts or softens at a fixing temperature by heat treatment; the surface treatment agent contains at least two kinds of particles different in particle size that do not melt at the fixing temperature; the particles contain first particles and second particles having a particle size larger than that of the first particles; and the second particles have a particle size falling within a range of more than 50 nm to less than 110 nm.

The ink jet recording method according to the invention is characterized by that at least one of an ink and a surface treatment agent contains a resin that melts or softens at a fixing temperature by heat treatment; the surface treatment agent contains at least two kinds of particles different in particle size that do not melt at the fixing temperature; the particles contain first particles and second particles having a particle size larger than that of the first particles; and the second particles have a particle size falling within a range of more than 50 nm to less than 110 nm.

According to the invention, there is provided a recording method which includes adhering an ink composition to a recording medium, and adhering a reaction liquid to the recording medium, the reaction liquid containing water and a reagent for aggregating or thickening components of the ink composition, and having a pH of 7 to 10. In the adhering of the reaction liquid, an epoxy-based adhesive is used for at least a portion of a reaction liquid passage for supplying the reaction liquid to an ink jet head, and a member in contact with the reaction liquid in the ink jet head, and the reaction liquid is discharged from the ink jet head so as to adhere to the recording medium.

A recording method includes an ink application process of applying ink to a record medium and a cover layer formation process of forming a cover layer by applying a liquid composition containing polyurethane resin particles to the record medium to which the ink is applied in such a manner as to be at least partially overlapped with a region to which the ink is applied, in which the breaking strength of the cover layer is 0.1 N or more and the breaking elongation of the cover layer is 200% or more.

The disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for preventing oxidation or contamination during a circuit printing operation. The circuit printing operation can be directed to OLED-type printing. In an exemplary embodiment, the printing process is conducted at a load-locked printer housing having one or more of chambers. Each chamber is partitioned from the other chambers by physical gates or fluidic curtains. A controller coordinates transportation of a substrate through the system and purges the system by timely opening appropriate gates. The controller may also control the printing operation by energizing the print-head at a time when the substrate is positioned substantially thereunder.

The disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for preventing oxidation or contamination during a circuit printing operation. The circuit printing operation can be directed to OLED-type printing. In an exemplary embodiment, the printing process is conducted at a load-locked printer housing having one or more of chambers. Each chamber is partitioned from the other chambers by physical gates or fluidic curtains. A controller coordinates transportation of a substrate through the system and purges the system by timely opening appropriate gates. The controller may also control the printing operation by energizing the print-head at a time when the substrate is positioned substantially thereunder.