A combination gas spring and shock absorber apparatus includes a vented gas spring housing and a vented shock absorber housing slidably mounted within the gas spring housing. A shock absorber piston is concentrically mounted within a gas spring piston. A base housing is slidably mounted in the gas spring housing. A shaft extends through the base housing and into the shock absorber housing. The shock absorber piston is mounted in the shock absorber housing on the free end of the shaft. The gas spring piston is mounted in the gas spring housing on the distal end of the base housing. The shock absorber piston is fluidically sealed and slides within the shock absorber housing. The gas spring piston is fluidically sealed and slides along the gas spring housing and the shock absorber housing. The base housing telescopically translates relative to the gas spring housing.

Apparatus and methods are described where multiple linear and/or rotary actuators operate cooperatively in, for example, cross-linked arrangements to control the motion of sprung and unsprung masses in a vehicle. The actuators may include linear primary suspension actuators, spring perch actuators and/or rotary roll-bar actuators that, in some operating modes, are driven directly or indirectly by one or more hydraulic machines.

A damper assembly includes an outer cylinder, an inner cylinder positioned at least partially within the outer cylinder, a cap coupled to the inner cylinder, and a plunger positioned radially inward from the inner cylinder and coupled to a rod. The plunger, the cap, and an interior of the inner cylinder at least partially define a first chamber. The suspension system further includes a passage extending through the rod and fluidly coupled with the first chamber, a piston coupled to the inner cylinder and extending radially outward toward the outer cylinder, a first port in fluid communication with the plunger, the cap, and the inner cylinder through the passage, and a second port in fluid communication with the piston, the inner cylinder, and the outer cylinder. The piston, an exterior surface of the inner cylinder, and the outer cylinder at least partially define a second chamber.

A damper assembly includes an outer cylinder, an inner cylinder positioned at least partially within the outer cylinder, a cap coupled to the inner cylinder, and a plunger positioned radially inward from the inner cylinder and coupled to a rod. The plunger, the cap, and an interior of the inner cylinder at least partially define a first chamber. The suspension system further includes a passage extending through the rod and fluidly coupled with the first chamber, a piston coupled to the inner cylinder and extending radially outward toward the outer cylinder, a first port in fluid communication with the plunger, the cap, and the inner cylinder through the passage, and a second port in fluid communication with the piston, the inner cylinder, and the outer cylinder. The piston, an exterior surface of the inner cylinder, and the outer cylinder at least partially define a second chamber.