A cellulose sponge was developed with sustainability, food safety, high porosity with large pores, high water retention, durability, low density, and malleability. The cellulose sponge is formed by one or more cellulose derivatives cross-linked with citric acid. The sponge may be highly porous such that the sponge is configured to be suitable for supporting plant growth. A method for forming this cellulose sponge may comprise providing one or more cellulose derivatives and citric acid, dissolving the citric acid in water to create a citric acid solution, adding the one or more cellulose derivatives into the citric acid solution while stirring such that no clumps are formed to create a cellulose-citric acid solution, removing the water from the cellulose-citric acid solution, and cross-linking the cellulose-citric acid solution to create the sponge.

A cellulose sponge was developed with sustainability, food safety, high porosity with large pores, high water retention, durability, low density, and malleability. The cellulose sponge is formed by one or more cellulose derivatives cross-linked with citric acid. The sponge may be highly porous such that the sponge is configured to be suitable for supporting plant growth. A method for forming this cellulose sponge may comprise providing one or more cellulose derivatives and citric acid, dissolving the citric acid in water to create a citric acid solution, adding the one or more cellulose derivatives into the citric acid solution while stirring such that no clumps are formed to create a cellulose-citric acid solution, removing the water from the cellulose-citric acid solution, and cross-linking the cellulose-citric acid solution to create the sponge.

A living wall system or method involving a plurality of living wall modules. Each living wall module has a module body enclosing a module plenum, the module body having a growth media port and at least one duct port in fluid communication with the growth media port via the module plenum. The plurality of module plenums are interconnected through the plurality of duct ports to form a recirculation plenum. At least one directional blower is received within the recirculation plenum, the at least one directional blower between at least one upstream living wall module and at least one downstream living wall module to direct fluid flow from the at least one upstream living wall module to the at least one downstream living wall module.

A living wall system or method involving a plurality of living wall modules. Each living wall module has a module body enclosing a module plenum, the module body having a growth media port and at least one duct port in fluid communication with the growth media port via the module plenum. The plurality of module plenums are interconnected through the plurality of duct ports to form a recirculation plenum. At least one directional blower is received within the recirculation plenum, the at least one directional blower between at least one upstream living wall module and at least one downstream living wall module to direct fluid flow from the at least one upstream living wall module to the at least one downstream living wall module.

A stackable raising seedling device has a device body and a floating planting board. The device body has raising seeding hole parts disposed at intervals and holes disposed intervals. The raising seeding hole pans and the holes are staggered in parallel and with each other along a first direction, the raising seeding hole part and the holes are staggered in parallel with each other along a second direction, and the holes of the first direction and the raising seeding hole parts of the second direction are adjacently arranged. The raising seeding hole pan can receive a culture medium layer, the culture medium layer has an agar gel, and the agar gel is composed of a plant growth nutrient, agar powder and water. The present disclosure improves the overall seed germination rate and the quality of planted crops when massively planting the planted crops.

A stackable raising seedling device has a device body and a floating planting board. The device body has raising seeding hole parts disposed at intervals and holes disposed intervals. The raising seeding hole pans and the holes are staggered in parallel and with each other along a first direction, the raising seeding hole part and the holes are staggered in parallel with each other along a second direction, and the holes of the first direction and the raising seeding hole parts of the second direction are adjacently arranged. The raising seeding hole pan can receive a culture medium layer, the culture medium layer has an agar gel, and the agar gel is composed of a plant growth nutrient, agar powder and water. The present disclosure improves the overall seed germination rate and the quality of planted crops when massively planting the planted crops.

A synthetic soil substrate system has a plurality of synthetic soil substrate layers that are individually designed to promote plant growth as the roots grow into the layer and as a function of the growth stage. The synthetic soil substrate layers may be planar or may be concentrically arranged with a first synthetic soil substrate ring layer being configured inside of a second synthetic soil substrate ring layer. A synthetic soil substrate has pores that are configured for plant growth and retention and/or deliver of water and growth additives. The average pore size of a first synthetic soil substrate layer may be substantially different from the average pore size of an adjacent synthetic soil substrate layer. Also, the pore structure or shape of the pores may be different between synthetic soil substrate layers, The synthetic soil substrate may have an integral growth additive retained in the pores.

A synthetic soil substrate system has a plurality of synthetic soil substrate layers that are individually designed to promote plant growth as the roots grow into the layer and as a function of the growth stage. The synthetic soil substrate layers may be planar or may be concentrically arranged with a first synthetic soil substrate ring layer being configured inside of a second synthetic soil substrate ring layer. A synthetic soil substrate has pores that are configured for plant growth and retention and/or deliver of water and growth additives. The average pore size of a first synthetic soil substrate layer may be substantially different from the average pore size of an adjacent synthetic soil substrate layer. Also, the pore structure or shape of the pores may be different between synthetic soil substrate layers, The synthetic soil substrate may have an integral growth additive retained in the pores.

A synthetic soil substrate system has a plurality of synthetic soil substrate layers that are individually designed to promote plant growth as the roots grow into the layer and as a function of the growth stage. The synthetic soil substrate layers may be planar or may be concentrically arranged with a first synthetic soil substrate ring layer being configured inside of a second synthetic soil substrate ring layer. A synthetic soil substrate has pores that are configured for plant growth and retention and/or deliver of water and growth additives. The average pore size of a first synthetic soil substrate layer may be substantially different from the average pore size of an adjacent synthetic soil substrate layer. Also, the pore structure or shape of the pores may be different between synthetic soil substrate layers, The synthetic soil substrate may have an integral growth additive retained in the pores.

A synthetic soil substrate system has a plurality of synthetic soil substrate layers that are individually designed to promote plant growth as the roots grow into the layer and as a function of the growth stage. The synthetic soil substrate layers may be planar or may be concentrically arranged with a first synthetic soil substrate ring layer being configured inside of a second synthetic soil substrate ring layer. A synthetic soil substrate has pores that are configured for plant growth and retention and/or deliver of water and growth additives. The average pore size of a first synthetic soil substrate layer may be substantially different from the average pore size of an adjacent synthetic soil substrate layer. Also, the pore structure or shape of the pores may be different between synthetic soil substrate layers, The synthetic soil substrate may have an integral growth additive retained in the pores.