A mobile energy storage apparatus comprised of: a. at least one variable energy control device which converts DC to DC, AC to DC and DC to AC and b. at least one energy storage device (such as a battery) and c. a means to adjust said at least one variable energy control device to various electrical output powers and d. a means to connect said mobile energy storage apparatus to an EV (electric vehicle) or other device electrically and mechanically to enable transferring energy even when in motion and e. optionally a means for attaching various covers to said mobile energy storage apparatus to suit various applications. The mobile energy storage apparatus allows the transfer of energy to or from: an EV, a building or any other electrical facility or device and can be configured with built-in or attached to various power sources.

There is provided a fuel cell system comprising a first fuel stack, a first temperature gauge configured to measure a first temperature value, a power generation voltage meter configured to measure a power generation voltage, a cell voltage meter and a controller configured to control a temperature regulating mechanism such as to perform a temperature rise of the fuel cell stack. The controller is further configured to start the temperature rise of the fuel cell stack when a cell voltage is lower than a predetermined voltage value. When at least one of a plurality of time measurement conditions is satisfied after the first temperature value has reached a first reference temperature after a start of the temperature rise, the controller measures a time duration during which a voltage difference by subtracting the cell voltage from an average voltage of cells is maintained to be not greater than a predetermined voltage difference. When the measured time duration has reached a first reference time, the controller terminates the temperature rise. The plurality of time measurement conditions are conditions that predetermined time periods have elapsed since termination of a warm-up operation, since termination of an intermittent operation, since termination of regenerative braking and since a shift of the state of the fuel cell stack to a power generation capable state.

There is provided a boost converter. The boost converter comprises a reactor electrically connected with a power source; a semiconductor module configured to include a plate-like member and a terminal protruded from the plate-like member; a holder portion provided as a frame-like member, arranged to be adjacent to the reactor along either a longitudinal direction of a vehicle or a vehicle width direction, and configured to hold a plurality of the semiconductor modules inside of a frame of the holder portion such that the plurality of semiconductor modules are stacked and pressurized; and a first bus bar arranged to electrically connect the reactor with the terminal and provided with a current sensor that is configured to detect an electric current flowing from the reactor to the semiconductor modules. At least part of the current sensor is provided in the first bus bar such as to be placed inside of a range that is defined by respective ends of the holder portion in an array direction in which the reactor and the holder portion are arranged to be adjacent to each other. This configuration prevents increase of the dimension of the boost converter either in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle or in the vehicle width direction.

A system for a vehicle, having a fuel cell system and a compressed air system for supplying compressed air to a pneumatic device is provided. The fuel cell system includes: a fuel cell having an anode side and a cathode side, an outlet conduit connected to an outlet end of the cathode side, an air inlet conduit connected to an inlet end of the cathode side for supply of air to the cathode side of the fuel cell. An air compressor is disposed in the air inlet conduit, an air filter receives air from an ambient environment. Their filter is arranged at an inlet of the air inlet conduit. The compressed air system includes an electrically operable air compressor connectable to the pneumatic device in fluid communication with the compressor. An air inlet of the compressor is connected to the outlet conduit at a selected position, whereby the compressor receives exhaust air from the cathode side of the at least one fuel cell.

A system for a vehicle, having a fuel cell system and a compressed air system for supplying compressed air to a pneumatic device is provided. The fuel cell system includes: a fuel cell having an anode side and a cathode side, an outlet conduit connected to an outlet end of the cathode side, an air inlet conduit connected to an inlet end of the cathode side for supply of air to the cathode side of the fuel cell. An air compressor is disposed in the air inlet conduit, an air filter receives air from an ambient environment. Their filter is arranged at an inlet of the air inlet conduit. The compressed air system includes an electrically operable air compressor connectable to the pneumatic device in fluid communication with the compressor. An air inlet of the compressor is connected to the outlet conduit at a selected position, whereby the compressor receives exhaust air from the cathode side of the at least one fuel cell.

Electric power is produced in a fuel cell array based on chemical fuel provided from a fuel source. The electric power is held available via an output terminal. A sensor cell registers a sensor signal reflecting a degree of consumption of chemical fuel in the fuel cell array relative to an amount of chemical fuel received in the fuel cell array. The production of electric power in the fuel cell array is monitored by measuring at least one voltage in the fuel cell array. A fraction of the electric power produced by the fuel cell array is controlled to be fed into a dynamic electric load connected to the output terminal. The fraction fed into the dynamic electric load is controlled in response to the sensor signal such that a difference is minimized between the amount of chemical fuel received in the fuel cell array and an amount of chemical fuel consumed in the fuel cell array when producing the electric power.

Electric power is produced in a fuel cell array based on chemical fuel provided from a fuel source. The electric power is held available via an output terminal. A sensor cell registers a sensor signal reflecting a degree of consumption of chemical fuel in the fuel cell array relative to an amount of chemical fuel received in the fuel cell array. The production of electric power in the fuel cell array is monitored by measuring at least one voltage in the fuel cell array. A fraction of the electric power produced by the fuel cell array is controlled to be fed into a dynamic electric load connected to the output terminal. The fraction fed into the dynamic electric load is controlled in response to the sensor signal such that a difference is minimized between the amount of chemical fuel received in the fuel cell array and an amount of chemical fuel consumed in the fuel cell array when producing the electric power.

A work vehicle includes a fuel cell, a fuel-cell DCDC converter that adjusts the voltage output from the fuel cell, a battery, a battery DCDC converter that adjusts the voltage output from the battery, and a vehicle body that supports the fuel cell, the fuel-cell DCDC converter, the battery, and the battery DCDC converter. The fuel cell is disposed in the vehicle body in front of the fuel-cell DCDC converter, the battery, and the battery DCDC converter.

A group of motor vehicles contains at least vehicles of two different vehicle types of the following vehicle types: a battery drive vehicle with only one electric motor drive, a hybrid drive vehicle with an electric motor drive and an internal combustion engine drive, a fuel cell drive vehicle with a fuel cell drive, and an internal combustion engine drive vehicle with only one internal combustion engine drive. All of the vehicle types of the group of motor vehicles have a base assembly with a left-side sill structure, a right-side sill structure, an upper base, a lower base, and a central tunnel structure.

A group of motor vehicles contains at least vehicles of two different vehicle types of the following vehicle types: a battery drive vehicle with only one electric motor drive, a hybrid drive vehicle with an electric motor drive and an internal combustion engine drive, a fuel cell drive vehicle with a fuel cell drive, and an internal combustion engine drive vehicle with only one internal combustion engine drive. All of the vehicle types of the group of motor vehicles have a base assembly with a left-side sill structure, a right-side sill structure, an upper base, a lower base, and a central tunnel structure.