Dihaploid recoveries of Schendonorus meadow fescue and festulolium may be created using the method disclosed herein. The method includes crossing a ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) inducer line (IL) with individuals from a meadow fescue or festulolium cultivar or population. Such a cross can create a variety of resulting individual plants, including dihaploid recoveries. Some of the dihaploid recoveries can also be rhizomatous even when the parental meadow fescue or festulolium plant did not display a rhizomatous trait.

Dihaploid recoveries of Schendonorus meadow fescue and festulolium may be created using the method disclosed herein. The method includes crossing a ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) inducer line (IL) with individuals from a meadow fescue or festulolium cultivar or population. Such a cross can create a variety of resulting individual plants, including dihaploid recoveries. Some of the dihaploid recoveries can also be rhizomatous even when the parental meadow fescue or festulolium plant did not display a rhizomatous trait.

A breeding method of a polyploid rice photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile line includes determining a diploid rice line with photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility or PMeS characteristic as a parent; carrying out hybridization on a diploid photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile line and a diploid PMeS gene line, carrying out doubling culture on a young ear of a hybrid plant into a hybrid tetraploid; back-crossing the hybrid tetraploid with a tetraploid photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile line; selecting a tetraploid male sterile plants from the back-crossed progeny, self-crossing during a low-temperature and short-day fertile period, and then carrying out composite hybridization with another tetraploid rice line having PMeS gene; selecting tetraploid male sterile plants, and detecting the stability of tetraploid male sterile plants after multiple generations of continuous self-crossing; and determining the stable and consistent tetraploid rice sterile line as the polyploid rice photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile line, named as PSXXX.

A breeding method of a polyploid rice photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile line includes determining a diploid rice line with photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility or PMeS characteristic as a parent; carrying out hybridization on a diploid photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile line and a diploid PMeS gene line, carrying out doubling culture on a young ear of a hybrid plant into a hybrid tetraploid; back-crossing the hybrid tetraploid with a tetraploid photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile line; selecting a tetraploid male sterile plants from the back-crossed progeny, self-crossing during a low-temperature and short-day fertile period, and then carrying out composite hybridization with another tetraploid rice line having PMeS gene; selecting tetraploid male sterile plants, and detecting the stability of tetraploid male sterile plants after multiple generations of continuous self-crossing; and determining the stable and consistent tetraploid rice sterile line as the polyploid rice photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile line, named as PSXXX.

The invention relates to plants wherein the protein OSD1, involved in the transition from meiosis I to meiosis II is inactive. These plants produce Second Division Restitution (SDR) 2n gametes. The invention further relates to plants wherein the inactivation of OSD1 is combined with the inactivation of a gene involved in meiotic recombination in plants, and of a gene involved in the monopolar orientation of the kinetochores during meiosis. These plants produce apomeiotic gametes. These plants are useful in plant breeding.

The present invention provides a breeding method for tetraploid ricinus communis. The method comprises: collecting a ricinus communis germplasm resource, performing morphologic character analysis and chromosome ploidy identification, selecting good diploid varieties, carrying out mutagenesis by using colchicine and oryzalin; performing chromosome ploidy identification on F1 generation seeds, selecting homozygous tetraploids, and performing economic character analysis and identification on the F2 generation, so as to breed good tetraploid ricinus communis.

The present invention provides a breeding method for tetraploid ricinus communis. The method comprises: collecting a ricinus communis germplasm resource, performing morphologic character analysis and chromosome ploidy identification, selecting good diploid varieties, carrying out mutagenesis by using colchicine and oryzalin; performing chromosome ploidy identification on F1 generation seeds, selecting homozygous tetraploids, and performing economic character analysis and identification on the F2 generation, so as to breed good tetraploid ricinus communis.

Provided are methods for increasing the yield of a monocot plant through treatment of the plant with a plant growth regulator. In certain embodiments, maize plants produce multiple ears and an increased number of kernels. In certain embodiments, reduced height of the plant allows for more efficient self-pollination.

Provided are methods for increasing the yield of a monocot plant through treatment of the plant with a plant growth regulator. In certain embodiments, maize plants produce multiple ears and an increased number of kernels. In certain embodiments, reduced height of the plant allows for more efficient self-pollination.

Provided are methods for increasing the yield of a monocot plant through treatment of the plant with a plant growth regulator. In certain embodiments, maize plants produce multiple ears and an increased number of kernels. In certain embodiments, reduced height of the plant allows for more efficient self-pollination.