This instrument for surgical treatment, in particular for tenolysis, tenotomy or neurolysis, comprises a main body and a distal part. The distal part has a curved portion forming a hook and is provided with a cutting blade on the inner side of the hook. The main body has a longitudinal lumen for passage of fluid from a proximal end to a distal end of the main body, as well as an elbow with concavity facing the same side as the hook such that the main body has, in the vicinity of its distal end, an injection channel which is in fluidic connection with the lumen via an over-pressure chamber.

Methods, computer program products and apparatuses for estimating the uncertainty of a friction potential value of a wheel of a vehicle are disclosed. The method for estimating the uncertainty of a friction potential value of a wheel of a vehicle comprises obtaining a range of tire models (72). The method further comprises receiving a sensor signal (74) indicative of at least one actual tire-related value. Finally, a friction uncertainty value is calculated (76) based on the received sensor signal and the range of tire models. The friction uncertainty value is indicative of the uncertainty of the friction potential.

Methods, computer program products and apparatuses for estimating the uncertainty of a friction potential value of a wheel of a vehicle are disclosed. The method for estimating the uncertainty of a friction potential value of a wheel of a vehicle comprises obtaining a range of tire models (72). The method further comprises receiving a sensor signal (74) indicative of at least one actual tire-related value. Finally, a friction uncertainty value is calculated (76) based on the received sensor signal and the range of tire models. The friction uncertainty value is indicative of the uncertainty of the friction potential.

A method for controlling longitudinal dynamics in a motor vehicle during an autonomous driving operation, where the presence of a front vehicle traveling ahead of the vehicle is ascertained with the aid of a surround sensor system; ascertaining at least one longitudinal dynamics variable of the front vehicle, which describes the longitudinal vehicle dynamics of the front vehicle, with the aid of the surround sensor system; and ascertaining at least one variable, which is used in a brake control system of the motor vehicle, as a function of the longitudinal dynamics variable of the front vehicle.

A method for regulating a vehicle-actual-deceleration in a vehicle with an ABS brake system includes detecting the vehicle-actual-deceleration; determining a target vehicle deceleration and detecting at least one actual wheel rotational behavior. The method further includes calculating actuation times for actuation of pressure control valves of the ABS brake system associated with the wheels of the first vehicle axle and the wheels of the further vehicle axle and determining correction actuation times if at least one of the respective calculated actuation times is less than a minimum actuation time associated with the respective pressure control valve. Calculation of each of the respective actuation times is carried out at least for all of a first number of pressure control valves with which wheels are associated whose rotational behavior follows the at least one actual wheel rotational behavior.

A control apparatus for a vehicle includes: a first road surface friction coefficient calculator; a second road surface friction coefficient calculator; and a braking and driving force controller. The first road surface friction coefficient calculator calculates a first road surface friction coefficient that is a friction coefficient of a road surface in a contact with a wheel. The second road surface friction coefficient calculator calculates a second road surface friction coefficient on a basis of a detection value from a contactless sensor that contactlessly detects a road surface state.

A control apparatus for a vehicle includes: a first road surface friction coefficient calculator; a second road surface friction coefficient calculator; and a braking and driving force controller. The first road surface friction coefficient calculator calculates a first road surface friction coefficient that is a friction coefficient of a road surface in a contact with a wheel. The second road surface friction coefficient calculator calculates a second road surface friction coefficient on a basis of a detection value from a contactless sensor that contactlessly detects a road surface state.

A braking control method according to friction of road surface includes computing a real-time wheel speed according to a signal received from a wheel speed sensor; storing the real-time wheel speed as a wheel initial velocity when a braking event occurs; determining a relative-peak value according to the real-time wheel speed; estimating a vehicle deceleration according to the relative-peak value and the wheel initial velocity; computing an adjustment parameter according to the vehicle deceleration and a tire slip threshold, wherein the adjustment parameter reflects friction coefficient of road surface; and adjusting time length of an enhancement stage in an enhance-pressure control period of a stepped pressure-increasing phase according to the adjustment parameter; or adjusting time length of a reduction stage in a reduce-pressure control period of a stepped pressure-decreasing phase according to the adjustment parameter.

A braking control method according to friction of road surface includes computing a real-time wheel speed according to a signal received from a wheel speed sensor; storing the real-time wheel speed as a wheel initial velocity when a braking event occurs; determining a relative-peak value according to the real-time wheel speed; estimating a vehicle deceleration according to the relative-peak value and the wheel initial velocity; computing an adjustment parameter according to the vehicle deceleration and a tire slip threshold, wherein the adjustment parameter reflects friction coefficient of road surface; and adjusting time length of an enhancement stage in an enhance-pressure control period of a stepped pressure-increasing phase according to the adjustment parameter; or adjusting time length of a reduction stage in a reduce-pressure control period of a stepped pressure-decreasing phase according to the adjustment parameter.

The present disclosure provides an emergency braking system, an emergency braking method and a semitrailer, capable of improving the braking effect of the vehicle, thereby achieving improved safety for the vehicle. The system includes: a sensor component configured to collect sensed information on an environment where a semitrailer is located; and a braking controller configured to determine whether there is a risk of collision for the semitrailer based on the sensed information, and if so, calculate a maximum adhesive force that can be provided by a road surface the semitrailer is currently on, determine a first braking pressure corresponding to each wheel based on the maximum adhesive force and axle load information, and transmit to a braking system a first braking instruction carrying the first braking pressure for each wheel.